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RM: Types of Experiments, Self-report Techniques: A Ps…
RM: Types of Experiments
Lab Experiments: Is an experiment that takes place in a controlled environment. E.g lab The IV is manipulated to see what effect it will have on the DV. Maintain strict control of extraneous variables.
Ad: By maintaining strict control of extraneous variables, the researcher can establish a clear cause and effect relationship.
High internal validity
Easily replicable due to the use of standardised procedures.
Disad: Does not reflect tasks that are done in real-life (lacking mundane realism) lowering external validity.
Lacks ecological validity as the findings in a study are not applicable to real life situations.
Demand characteristics- Ps are aware that they are in a study therefore they may change their behaviour to match the aim.
Field Experiments: Conducted in natural/real world situations. E.g shopping centre. Manipulates IV and records he effect on the DV.
Ad; Lowers demand characteristics as Ps are unaware that they are in a study. More likely to behave naturally due to being in a natural/relaxed environment. -higher ecological validity.
Have mundane realism- closer to the types of activities that they usually carry out. Real-world tasks.
Disad: less control on extraneous variables. May not be able to establish a clear cause and effect relationship as some findings may caused due to other extraneous variables. Ethical issues (informed consent) More time consuming
Natural Experiments:** 2 Levels of IV have already occured naturally the researcher is simply measuring the change in the DV between the 2 levels of IV. E.g Rutter Romanian orphans study (Deprivation) An event causes people to form into 2 levels of the IV**.
Ad: Allows research into areas that would not be able to be researched in controlled situations due to ethical or cost reasons.
High in external validity- changes have happened naturally in real life without or with the researcher. No demand characteristics. R had no effect on the outcome.
Disad: No control of extraneous variables Cannot establish a cause and effect relationship. Events have already taken place with or without the researcher.
Quasi Experiments: An experiment in which IV cannot be manipulated as it is an innate characteristic of the Ps. E.g age,gender or race Iv already exists therefore Ps cannot be randomised.
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Repeated Measures- All Ps experience all levels of the IV. The 2 mean scores from both conditions are compared. Order effects can occur in repeated measures. Order effects is when the task completed in condition A has an impact on the task completed in condition B. E.g boredom/fatigue Counterbalancing can be used to overcome this. The ABBA principle. Split the Ps into smaller groups and have one group experience CA first and the other group experience CB first. Afterwards, you swap the groups around. This helps because half of the group is experiencing the condition for the first time therefore they are unaware of what's coming.
Demand characteristics could be an issue as Ps could work out the aim of the study.
Ad- Ps variables are controlled as all Ps will experience both conditions.
Matched pairs- Ps are matched up based on a trait or characteristic that is relevant to the study. They are then split into different conditions.
Disad- more time, money and resources are needed especially if a pre-study is required
Order effects & demand characteristics are less likely to occur.
Self-report Techniques: A Ps answers a series of personal questions (emotions , beliefs and attitudes)
Questionnaires: Ps answer a serious of questions given to them. This can on paper or completed online.
Open and Closed questions: Open questions- phrased in a way where the Ps can answer in anyway they choose. This produces qualitive data. (non-numerical data) (AO3) Gives Ps the freedom to answer however they choose leading to more valid/true responses.
Harder to analysis data between large numbers of Ps.
Closed questions- The Ps has a fixed way of answering the question. This can be through Yes/No answers or completing a multiple choice questionnaire. This produces quantitive data (numerical data) (AO3) Allows easy data analysis between large numbers of Ps responses thus making it easier to spot patterns in the data set.
Ps responses are limited to a fixed set- responses may not be valid as they are completing the answer that best fits not how they truly feel.
Interviews: Ps give answers in response to direct questioning. This can take place face-to-face or on video/phone calls.
Structured, Unstructured and Semi Structured interviews:
Designing Questionnaires & Interviews: Complex Terminology- In a interview, the Ps may be too embarrassed to ask the meaning and in a questionnaire the Ps is unable to ask therefore resulting in inaccurate responses. Rewording questions- A skilled interviewer will be able to reword the question in a way that that is easier for the Ps to understand. Weakness of Questionnaire Leading questions: Questions that are written or said in a certain way that insinuates how the Ps should respond often in a way that supports the researcher's views/beliefs. (researcher bias) Piloting questions- running a small-scale study to identify which questions are the most confusing, give away the aim or don't provide useful responses before running the large scale study.