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DISCOURSE
Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the…
DISCOURSE
Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used
FORMAL LINKS
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CONJUNCTION
Additive (and, in addition, ..)
Adversative (but, however, ...)
Causal (because, consequently, ..)
Temporal (then, subsequently,..)
LEXICAL COHESION
1. Reiteration
1a. Repetition
a large mushroom ..... the mushroom is....
(chỉ gạch mushroom thì mới là lexical cohesion, nếu gạch cả the mushroom thì là referring expression rồi)
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TWO VIEWS OF
DISCOURSE STRUCTURE
vì function không thể miêu tả được những trường hợp giao tiếp (job interview, court trial...)
--> phải xét phạm vi rộng hơn
Spoken Discourse
1️⃣ Formal: planned / predictable
- ex: school lesson, court trial
2️⃣ Informal : less-planned / unpredictable / Lack of structure
- conversation
➡ dùng công cụ phân tích khác nhau
FORMAL
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BIRMINGHAM School Approach
- Interaction: Eg.Lesson (cuộc thoại)
- Transaction (đoạn thoại)
- Exchange (cặp thoại)
- Move (Bước/lượt thoại)
- Act (speech act)
INFORMAL - Ethno-methodology (quan sát)
Conversation
- seem chaos
- trong copra (khối ngữ liệu) luôn luôn có turns / turn-taking ăn khớp vào nhau
--> dấu hiệu của order of a conversation
- in a conversation, there are
+turns / turn-taking (Adjajency pairs)
+overlap of turns
+pauses
Adjacency pairs
Preferred - Dispreferred response (second-pair part)
- Offer (acceptance - refusal)
- Assessment (agreement - disagreement)
- Blame (denial - admission)
- Question (expected answer - unexpected answer)
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Repair
sửa lời
- self-repair
- Other repair
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DISCOURSE AS DIALOGUE
Discourse Typology: RECIPROCITY
Reciprocal ------ Non-reciprocal
(hỗ tương - qua lại lẫn nhau)
bất cứ loại nói/viết (dialogue) cũng có tương tác, ng nghe/đọc sẽ tác động khiến ng nói/viết adjust
System of information
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Tone Group - Tonic Syllable - Focus
- Tone groups represent the basic units of information into which a speaker "packages" what he/she has to say
- Each Tone group contains one syllable that is more prominent than other syllables in the tone group ➡ tiêu điểm thông tin, muốn ng nghe nắm
- This tonic syllable marks the Focus of information in the tone group
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