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DISCOURSE Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the…

- - - - Norminal (Noun)
      - Verbal (verb)
      - Clausal
    - - Level
        
        Norminal
        
        Verbal
        
        Clausal
      - Từ thay thế
        
        one(s)
        
        do
        
        so
        
        not
        
        same
  - - - 1a. Repetition
        a large mushroom ..... the mushroom is....
        (chỉ gạch mushroom thì mới là lexical cohesion, nếu gạch cả the mushroom thì là referring expression rồi)
      - 1b. Synoyms
        ascent - climb
      - 1c. Superordinate
        desk - table - bookcase <-- furniture
    - - Hyponymy (bao chứa)
        Flower --> rose, sunflower, daisy.....
        Khác với 1c. superordinate chỗ nào??
        
        xét về reference thì flower > rose
        
        nhưng xét về sense thì rose = flower + gai + cánh mỏng +....
        nên, sense của "flower" nằm trong sense của "rose"
      - Synonymy
      - Antonymy
- - - - Locution
        H đ tạo ngôn
        
        the literal meaning of the words used in an utterance
        "It's raining outside"
      - Illocutionary act
        Hd ngôn trung: là HD được truyền tải bằng lời nói (funtion)
        Vd: mời, cảnh cáo, ... (Under full control ò speakers)
        
        the intended meaning or function of an utterance
        
        the act which is performed by saying it
        
        "Can you pass the salt, please?" (The illocution is a request.)
        
        "I promise to come to your party." (The illocution is a promise.)
      - Perlocution
        Hd xuyên ngôn: là kw hay hiệu ứng tạo ra khi ta nói điều gì đó
        
        the effect that an utterance has on the listener or the audience
        
        the overall aim od the discourse
    - - 2.2.1.a Direct speech act
        Nếu linguistic structure có ý nghĩa đúng như Speech act
        2.2.1.b. Indirect speech act
      - 2.2.2
        
        Performative
        (Câu ngôn hành)
        
        Chức năng được thực hiện đồng thời trong lời nói (đồng thời trong lúc nói luôn)
        
        Notes: phải có "felicity conditions = necessary authority + right time + right place" thì phát ngôn mới có hiệu lực
        
        their related verbs: VD: vow, arrest, request, declare, admit, ....
        Vd: I request you to take out the garbage
        --> có chứa từ "request" & thực hiện chức năng request luôn
        
        Declarations
        (Câu tuyên bố)
        
        khi câu nói được phát ra sẽ thay đổi hiện trạng của ai/cái gì đó ngay lúc đó
        
        Notes: phải có "felicity conditions = necessary authority + right time + right place" thì phát ngôn mới có hiệu lực
        
        VD: Cha tuyên bố hai con đã thành vợ chồng!
        -->thay đổi tình trạng hôn nhân của hai người
      - Classification by Searl
        
        1. Declaration
        Câu tuyên bố
        
        Speech acts that create a new reality or bring about a change in the world by the very act of being uttered.
        
        Example: "I now pronounce you husband and wife."
        
        2. Representatives
        Câu miêu tả/phản ánh
        
        Speech acts that aim to convey information, make claims, assert something, or state a fact.
        
        Example: "It is raining outside."
        
        3. Expressives
        Câu biểu cảm
        
        Speech acts that express the speaker's feelings or emotions about a situation.
        
        Example: "I am so happy for you!"
        
        4. Directives
        
        Speech acts that aim to get the listener to do something or perform an action.
        
        vd: Gimme a cup of coffee!
        
        vd: Could you lend me a pen?
        
        5. Commissives
        (Câu cam kết)
        
        dùng thì future
        
        Speech acts that commit the speaker to a future course of action or behavior.
        
        vd: I'll be back!
        
        vd: I'm going to the library with you next time.
        
        vd: "I promise to come to your party next week."
  - - - Definition
        
        make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs
        
        by the accepted purpose / direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged
        
        vận hành trong vô thức
        **Notes: the politeness principle & co-operative principle are often in conflict with each other.
      - Cooperative principles (maxims):
        
        quality (be true)
        
        quantity (be brief)
        
        relevance
        
        manner (be clear)
      - Flouting the co-operative principles
        
        for effects: hyperbole, metaphor, irony, sarcasm
        
        desire to change subject
        
        signal embarrasment
        
        humour
        
        to be rude / respect
    - - Maxims (phương châm)
        1. Don't impose (đừng áp đặt)
        'I'm sorry to bother you.'
        2. Give options
        'May I ask you to ....?'
        3. Make your receiver feel good
        'You know much more about car engines than I do'
      - Để duy trì mối quan hệ xã hội
        
        Lý giải chức năng của những câu như "Could you...", "May I...."
        **Notes: the politeness principle & co-operative principle are often in conflict with each other
      - Politeness = face = public self-image
        
        Face-threatening acts vs. Face-saving acts
        
        Face needs:
        Negative face:
        The need to be independent, free from imposition (thoát khỏi áp đặt)
        I'm sorry to bother you, ......
        Positive face
        the need to be connected, to belong, to be member of the group
        Let's do this together.
- - - - RANK STRUCTURE approach (tree diagram)
        Sentence - clauses - phrases - words
      - BIRMINGHAM School Approach
        
        Interaction: Eg.Lesson (cuộc thoại)
        
        Transaction (đoạn thoại)
        
        Exchange (cặp thoại)
        
        Move (Bước/lượt thoại)
        
        Act (speech act)
    - - Adjacency pairs
        
        Preferred - Dispreferred response (second-pair part)
        
        Offer (acceptance - refusal)
        
        Assessment (agreement - disagreement)
        
        Blame (denial - admission)
        
        Question (expected answer - unexpected answer)
        
        Insertion sequence
        cặp chêm xen
        Có liên quan tới Adjajency pairs
        
        Side sequence
        chuỗi ngoài lề
        ko liên quan tới adjajency pairs
        
        Repair
        sửa lời
        
        self-repair
        
        Other repair
        
        Pre-sequence
        câu rào đón
        Tuân thủ principles of politeness
        E.g: pre-invitation
- - - - THEME
        the first constituent in the clause
        
        1️⃣Topical theme
        
        information conveyed in the discourse
        
        PHẢI trả lời được WH- questions
        
        không bj thiếu được topical theme
        
        Marked theme
        khi theme <> subject
        
        WH-interrogative
        VD:We are going where?
        Non WH-subject
        
        Imperative
        
        Emphatic do
        VD: Do hurry up, all of you!
        
        VD: You keep quiet!
        Subject
        
        Unmarked theme
        khi theme = subject
        
        Yes/No question
        VD: Are we going to London?
        Operator + subject
        
        WH-interrogative
        When will we get there?
        WH- word
        
        Imperative (câu mệnh lệnh)
        VD: Have your ticket ready!
        Base form
        VD: Let's go for a walk!
        Let's
        
        2️⃣Interpersonal theme
        
        reveals something of the attitude of the speaker/writer
        
        Modal adjuncts
        
        really,
        
        probably,
        
        possibly
        
        presumably
        
        Comment adjuncts (adverbs & prepositional phrases)
        
        in my opinion
        
        in my view
        
        happily
        
        unfortunately
        
        tragically
        
        honestly
        
        clearly, ....
        
        Vocatives (hô ngữ)
        
        John / Alice
        
        Mom
        
        My dear / Darling ....
        
        3️⃣Textual theme
        
        links a clause to the rest of the discourse
        
        Continuative themes (discourse markers)
        well
        anyway
        now
        oh/ah
        please
        
        conjunctive adjuncts
        
        then
        
        however
        
        nevertheless
        
        therefore
        
        Multiple themes 2️⃣3️⃣1️⃣
        
        theme cuối cùng luôn là topical theme
        VD: On the otherhand, in my view, the results do suggest....
        On the other hand: textual theme
        In my view: interpersonal theme
        the results: topical theme
        
        VD: Well, children, the story is about to start.
        Well: textual theme
        children: interpersonal theme
        the story: topical theme
      - Theme - Rheme progression
        
        Zig-zag pattern (linear theme pattern)
        
        Constant pattern (theme reiteration: sự lặp lại)
        
        Split-rheme pattern (multiple theme)
- - - - 1️⃣ Linguistic schemata
        
        vocab
        
        grammar
        
        idioms
        
        fixed expressions
        .....
      - 2️⃣ Content schemata
      - 3️⃣ Formal schemata (discourse structure)
    - - VD: Narratives (chuyện kể)
        
        Orientation (Once upon a time,..)
        
        Complication
        kịch tính
        
        Resolution
      - VD: Reports
        
        Title
        
        General classification
        
        Resolution