1a. Elements of communication

1. The addresser (ng nói)
2. The addressee (ng tiếp nhận/nghe)
3. Channel: phương tiện truyền đạt (phát thanh, truyền hình, điện tín....)
4. Message form: the particular grammatical & lexical choices of the message
5. Topic: the info. carried in the message
6. Code: the language / dialect (English, British sign lg. , Yorkshire..)
7. Settings: the social / physical context

1b. Macro- Functions (7 types)

1. Emotive function: cảm xúc người nói
   'Oh no!, Fantastic!, Ugh!'
2. Directive function: seeking to affect the behaviour of the addressee
   'Please help me!, 'Shut up!, I'm warning you'
3. Phatic function: chức năng kết nối
   "How are you doing?" or "Nice weather we're having, isn't it?"
4. Poetic function
   "Beanz Meanz Heinz"
5. Referential function: Carrying information
   "The concert is on Friday night."
6. Metalinguistics function: used to talk about language itself, such as explaining a word's meaning or discussing grammar rules.
   "The word 'dog' refers to a domesticated mammal with four legs."
7. Contextual function : creating a particular kind of communication
   "Right, let's start the lecture"

Illocutionary act

Hd ngôn trung: là HD được truyền tải bằng lời nói (funtion)
Vd: mời, cảnh cáo, ... (Under full control ò speakers)

• the intended meaning or function of an utterance
• the act which is performed by saying it
• "Can you pass the salt, please?" (The illocution is a request.)
• "I promise to come to your party." (The illocution is a promise.)

Perlocution

Hd xuyên ngôn: là kw hay hiệu ứng tạo ra khi ta nói điều gì đó

• the effect that an utterance has on the listener or the audience
• the overall aim od the discourse

Performative

(Câu ngôn hành)

• Chức năng được thực hiện đồng thời trong lời nói (đồng thời trong lúc nói luôn)
• Notes: phải có "felicity conditions = necessary authority + right time + right place" thì phát ngôn mới có hiệu lực
• their related verbs: VD: vow, arrest, request, declare, admit, ....
  Vd: I request you to take out the garbage
  --> có chứa từ "request" & thực hiện chức năng request luôn

Declarations

(Câu tuyên bố)

• khi câu nói được phát ra sẽ thay đổi hiện trạng của ai/cái gì đó ngay lúc đó

• Notes: phải có "felicity conditions = necessary authority + right time + right place" thì phát ngôn mới có hiệu lực

  
  

• VD: Cha tuyên bố hai con đã thành vợ chồng!

  
  

  -->thay đổi tình trạng hôn nhân của hai người

1. Declaration

Câu tuyên bố

• Speech acts that create a new reality or bring about a change in the world by the very act of being uttered.
• Example: "I now pronounce you husband and wife."

2. Representatives

Câu miêu tả/phản ánh

• Speech acts that aim to convey information, make claims, assert something, or state a fact.
• Example: "It is raining outside."

3. Expressives

Câu biểu cảm

• Speech acts that express the speaker's feelings or emotions about a situation.
• Example: "I am so happy for you!"

4. Directives

• Speech acts that aim to get the listener to do something or perform an action.
• vd: Gimme a cup of coffee!
• vd: Could you lend me a pen?

5. Commissives

(Câu cam kết)

• dùng thì future
• Speech acts that commit the speaker to a future course of action or behavior.
• vd: I'll be back!
• vd: I'm going to the library with you next time.
• vd: "I promise to come to your party next week."

Definition

• make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs
• by the accepted purpose / direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged
• vận hành trong vô thức
  **Notes: the politeness principle & co-operative principle are often in conflict with each other.

• Để duy trì mối quan hệ xã hội
• Lý giải chức năng của những câu như "Could you...", "May I...."
  **Notes: the politeness principle & co-operative principle are often in conflict with each other

Politeness = face = public self-image

• Face-threatening acts vs. Face-saving acts
• Face needs:
  Negative face:
  The need to be independent, free from imposition (thoát khỏi áp đặt)
  I'm sorry to bother you, ......
  Positive face
  the need to be connected, to belong, to be member of the group
  Let's do this together.
  

Preferred - Dispreferred response (second-pair part)

• Offer (acceptance - refusal)
• Assessment (agreement - disagreement)
• Blame (denial - admission)
• Question (expected answer - unexpected answer)

SCHEMA THEORY

• is a branch of cognitive science concered with how the brain structures knowledge
• Schema is an organized unit of knowledge for a subject / event.
• It is based on past experience and is assessed to guide current understanding/action

Stereotypical patterns

• Schemata are data structures, representing stereotypical patterns --> we retrieve from memory --> employ in our understanding of discourse

  
  

• Positive: giúp mình get ready + expect cái gì sắp xảy ra

• Negative: bị thành kiến, không tiếp nhận cái mới