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Bone Health, Osteoporosis: Natural degenerative bone disease. #,…

- - - - Calcium
      - Phosphorus #
    - - Maintains blood concentrations of calcium & phosphorus #
        
        Prevents release of PTH and subsequent osteoclast activity
        
        Osteoclasts break down bone minerals
        
        Works to maintain bone volume and integrity
        
        Retention of calcium by kidneys
      - Promote osteoblast activity
        
        New bone growth
        
        Increase depositing of minerals into osteoids #
    - - Maturation of immune cells
    - - Disease protection
        
        Tuberculosis, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, inflammation, hypertension, cancers
      - Nervous tissue, pancreas, skin, reproductive organs respond to vitamin D
  - - - Fat soluble vitamin
        
        Absorbed through chylomicrons in lymph
        
        Drains into bloodstream
      - 50% absorbed
      - Conversion from D2 & D3 to Calcitriol
        
        2 step hydroxylation from liver and then kidneys
        
        D3 can also result from exposure to sunlight
  - - - Sources of D2
        
        Mushrooms (not technically plant), fortified beverages
    - - Sources of D3
        
        Egg yolk, liver, fish, fish oil, fortified dairy
    - - 7-DHC in skin -> pre-vitamin D
        
        Pre-vitamin D -> D3
        
        D3 -> Calcitriol (active form)
  - - - Bowed legs
      - Rachitic rosary
        
        Leads to malformed ribs
    - - AKA "soft bones disease"
      - Failed mineralization of osteoids
        
        Osteoids = protein matrix to hold bone mineral
        
        Accumulation of osteoids = soft bones
      - Increasingly weakness and pain in joints
    - - Decreased calcium retention at kidneys
      - Decreased calcium and phosphorus absorption at intenstines
      - Low calcium = release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
        
        Causes release of calcium from bones
    - - 600 IU, or 800IU respectively
    - - Less vitamin D = calcium loss from bones
        
        Lowered bone mass and strength
      - Fractures and brittle bone
  - - - Supplementation, especially for children
      - Usually not from sun or food
        
        Liver down-regulates calcitriol production w/ high sun exposure
    - - Toxic concentration of calcium in blood
      - Calcium deposited into tissues and organs
- - - - Legume, Cereal, Bran, Nuts
      - Milk Products
      - Animal Protein Foods
        
        Meats
        
        Poultry
        
        Fish
      - Soft Drinks
  - - - Essential for bone formation and maintenance
        
        Forms hydroxyapatite crystal with calcium used in the collagen matrix of bone #
        
        Provide rigitity and strength to bones
    - - Fluid Balance
        
        Major Intracellular Anionic Electrolyte
        
        Maintain proper electrical and fluid balance within cells
      - Blood and Tissue
        
        High Energy Phosphate Bonds
        
        Makes up phospholipids
        
        Act as a buffer in blood
        
        Major structural component of DNA & RNA
  - - - Anxiety
      - Fragile Bones
      - Stiff Joints
      - Loss of Appetite
- - - - ~99% in bone and teeth #
      - ~1% in blood & soft tissues
  - - - Estrogen enhances synthesis of active Vitamin D
      - Lactose intake
    - - High fiber diets
        
        ~50+ g/day
      - Phytic acid
        
        Whole grains & legumes
      - High fat intake
      - Polyphenols
        
        Tea & coffee
  - - - Menopause
  - - - Over-abundant production and secretion of parathyroid hormone
        
        High levels of blood Ca levels #
    - - High blood and urinary Ca levels
        
        Ca deposits into soft tissue
        
        Can cause irreversible damage to organs
- - - - prevents tooth decay
      - stops/ reverses tooth degradation
      - keeps tooth enamel strong and solid
    - - RDA: 19+ 4mg/ day for men and 3mg/ day for women
      - start as early as 6 months in children
  - - - teeth discoloration
      - poor mineralization of teeth
    - - Can effect brain development in children
      - Can cause bone weakening
      - Can cause kidney toxicity
      - Can cause tooth decay/ discoloration
- - - - weakness
      - loss of appetite
      - disorientation
      - Irregular heartbeats
    - - Kidney Disease
      - Alcoholism
      - Heavy Perspiration
- - - - Infants need Vit K to prevent hemorrhaging
  - - - Rare
      - Typically due to antibiotics
      - Occurs in ones with fat malabsorption disorder
    - - low levels at birth
      - low levels in breast
  - - - Brain Damage
      - Red Blood Cell Hemolysis
      - Jaundice