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Esther Ramirez Lymphatic/Immune System Period #5 - Coggle Diagram
Esther Ramirez
Lymphatic/Immune System
Period #5
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems (include BOTH)
Lymphatic System:
Returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood; consists of 3 parts:
1.) Network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
2.) Lymph: fluid in vessels
3.) Lymph nodes: cleans lymph
Lymphoid organs and tissues provide structural basis of immunity by housing housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
Structures: spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues.
Returns fluid via:
Lymphatic vessels
Circulates ~ 3L interstitial fluid
Once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics = lymph
Immune System:
provides resistance to disease
has 2 intrinsic systems
1.) Innate (non-specific) Defense System:
Constitutes 1st and 2nd lines of defense
1.) 1st Line of Defense: External body membranes (skin and mucosae)
2.) Adaptive (specific) Defense System
3rd Line of Defense: attacks particular foreign substances (takes longer to react than innate)
Immune system is a functional system rather than an organ system
Innate and Adaptive Defenses are interwined
Both release and recognize many of the same defensive molecules
Innate defenses do have specific pathways for certain substances
Innate responses release proteins that alert cells of adaptive system to foreign molecules
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Lymph Nodes:
Major Functions: cleanse lymph, site for lymphocyte activation, and proliferation.
Spleen:
Funtions: cleans blood, site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation, stores platelets, monocytes, and iron
MALT:
Functions: prevents pathogens from entering into the mucous membrane, and is a site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Thymus:
Funtions: site of T-Cell maturation
Tonsils:
Functions: forms ring of lymphatic tissue around pharynx; appears as swelling of mucosa
Appendix:
Functions: destroys bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall. Generates "memory" lymphocytes.
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First Line of Defense
This consists of the largest organ in the body, the skin. The skin consists also of mucous membranes which involve secretions. These are involved in the fist line of defense of the Immune System.
The Skin and Mucous Membranes produce protective chemicals that destroy the microorganisms (pathogens). These are:
Acid: Acid Mantle (inhibiting growth by secretions)
Enzymes: includes lysosomes of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid
Mucin: this is sticky mucus that lines the digestive and respiratory tract and traps microorganisms
Second Line of Defense
When lacerations are very deep or the pathogen passes through all of the first line of defense, then it enters into a stage 2 where the second line of defense is activated
If the pathogen or laceration does invade deeper tissues, these are the following immune responses:
Phagocytes
NK Cells
Inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals)
Antimicrobial proteins (interferon's and complement proteins)
Fever
There is a very special receptor in the second line of defense that is called the "Pattern Recognition Receptors". They recognize the pathogens and collaborate and bind tightly to structures on microbes destroying pathogens before they do any more harm to the rest of the system.
Third Line of Defense
The 3rd line of defense consists of two distinctive sections; the Non-specific (Innate Immune Response) and the Specific (Adaptive Immune Response) defenses.
The Non-specific immune response cannot distinguish invaders in the skin. It causes fevers and does not retain any replica of the immune response (antibody/antigen) in the cellular memory.
It also includes chemical and physical barriers that are described in tears as in lysozyme and low pH in the stomach.
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate Immune Response:
Is not SPECIFIC meaning that it cannot distinguish the differences of invaders
It acts very fast
Causes fevers
Due to it not being SPECIFIC, it cannot retain memory and will repeat the immune process again if the same exact pathogens enter the body
It includes chemical barriers; such as, lysozymes in tears and low pH in the stomach
Physical barriers: epithelium tissue, cilia, and mucous
Adaptive Immune Response:
In contrast to the innate immunity, the adaptive is a SPECIFIC immune response
It can recognize any pathogen and create an immunity response for each of the pathogens
Disadvantages: it is a pretty long process because it takes up to a few weeks to activate it and destroy the pathogen
Although, it retains memory cells. This happens by colonial deletion which indicates that some cells go into the memory phase
Humoral response and cellular response
Cellular Response involves lymphocytes named T-Cells:
No antibody secretions
The primary targets are intracellular pathogens (i.e. viruses infected cells) and cancer cells
It begins developing in the Red Bone Marrow
The site of maturation is the thymus
Effector Cells: Cytotoxic Cells, Helper Cells, Regulatory Cells
No
memory cells are formed (non-specific)
Humoral Response is involved with B-Cells (lymohocytes):
Antibodi secretions occur
There are extracellular pathofens (i.g. bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses in extracellular fluid)
Is within the Red Bone Marrow
It matures in the red bone marrow
The effector cells are the plasma cells
Memory cells
do
form in the humoral response (specific)
Antigens and antibodies
Soldiers: We have what is called soldiers which consists in Leukocytes. These are:
Myeloid Cells
Granulocytes; in cytoplasma (consists of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast Cells)
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
Momocytes
These WBCs are all involved in the Innate Immune Response. These substances bind together to form antibodies and antigens. Process:
1.) Bacteria or any pathogen goes in the nose.
2.) Pathogen passes cilia and mucous
3.) Pathogen goes into the bilateral lungs
4.) Then it passes the epithelial tissue
5.) Then it enters in the "Resident Macrophage" where the pathogen is being ingested.
6.) The "Resident Macrophage" releases cytokines, which begins the inflammation process, and attracts the Leukocytes and then it forms antigens.
*7.) If the pathogen is a VIRUS, then the NK cells will help destroy these by being called and activated by the Helper T-cells and the pathogen will enter in the stage of apoptoses.
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally acquired immunity rests within the natural exposure to the pathogen. It differs from the artificial acquired antigen because the artificially acquired antigen comes from vaccines, which is not an antigen naturally produced by your own immune and lymphatic system response.
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active Humoral Immunity: occurs when B-cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Passive Humoral Immunity: occurs when ready. This makes antibodies and these are introduced into the body.
B-cells are not challenged by antigens; immunological memory does not occur
Protection ends when antibodies degraded
There are two types of antibodies:
1.) Naturally: this happens when the antibodies are released to the fetus during conception via the placenta or through infant milk.
2.) Artificially: this occurs when a person or baby is injected with a vaccine (protection comes immediately but degrades soon)
Involves three types of cells:
1.) B-Cells (lymphocytes); are considered to be HUMORAL IMMUNITY
2.) T-Cells (lymphocytes); are CELLULAR IMMUNITY
3.) Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC's); do not respond to specific antigens (are non-specific)
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC's)
Engulf antigens and present fragments of antigens to T-cells
There are 3 major types:
1.) Dendric Cells
In connective tissue and epidermis
Engulfs pathogens that enter the tissues and lymphatics (deeper than tissue)
Key connection with Innate and Adaptive Immunity
2.) Macrophages
Widely distributed in connective tissue and lymphoid organs
Presents antigens to T-Cells and activated macrophages
Activation of macrophages = phagocytic killer (apoptosis)
Inflammatory response and recruit defenses
3.) B-Cells
Does not activate native T-Cells
Presents antigen and Helper T-Cell to fight off the pathogen
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
The different types of cells involved in the immune system are the CD4 and CD8 cells. The CD4 cellls become Helper T-Cells which activates the B-Cells, T-Cells, and macrophages. Some become regulatory T-Cells. The CD8 cells become Cytotoxic T-Cells that are capable of destroying cells; apoptosis. Native cells are the most simple term for both CD4 and CD8 cells.
We also have the Interleukins (ILs) cells. These are the IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-17. They help out in modifying the cell growth, differentiate (specific response) and activate the immune response with inflammation markings.
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Pinworm Infection: a small round worm called Enterobius vermicularis that lives in the large intestine.
Causes/Risk Factors: swelling, breathing risks, worms are found anywhere; have hygiene
Symptoms: itching, weight loss, nervousness
Treatment: medication, mebendazole, Historically: to eat garlic
Meningitis (Viral & Bacterial): inflammation in the brain and spinal cord
Causes/Risk Factors: close contact, pneumococcal bacteria, compromised immune system
Symptoms: fever, nausea, and headaches
Treatment: promoccoccal, direct injection (historically), and leeches
Hepatitis B (HBV): liver infection by the hepatitis B-Virus
Causes/Risk Factors: HBV transmission, cognitive transmission, and drug injection
Symptoms:Jaw cramping, seizures, headache
Treatment: vaccine, antiviral drugs, prevention; avoid direct contact
Tetanus ("Lock Jaw"): bacterial infection that causes painful muscle contraction in the neck and jaw.
Causes/Risk Factors: bacteria in soil or dust, infected skin, an infected umbilical
Symptoms: jaw cramping, seizures, and headaches
Treatment: wound care antibiotics, drugs for pain relief
Toxoplasmosis: caused by a microarasite called a protozoan and is an infection.
Causes/Risk Factors: not having proper hygiene, poor immunity, by direct transmission
Symptoms: fever, inflammation, headaches
Treatment: antibiotics, Folinic Acid, ancient frugs
Hands, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD): an illness that forms a variety of viruses affecting hands, feet, and the mouth.
Causes: to infants due to diper changes
Symptoms:fever, mouth soars, and mouth ulcers
Treatment: wash hands, over-the-counter medication, and NSAID's and acetaminopen
Polio Disease: disabling and life-threatening disease.
Causes: Infected fees, poor hand washing, and spinal cord paralysis
Symptoms: fever, fatigue, and headache
Treatment: polio vaccine, hand washing, and oral polio vaccine
Measles: highly contagious airborne, viral disease evolved from pests.
Causes: RNA virus, virus transmission, traveling internationally
Symptoms: pain in muscles, fever, and runny nose
Treatment: antibiotics, vitamin A, and increasing fluid intake
Small Pox: serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus.
Causes: caused by variola virus, transmission, fever/skin rash
Symptoms: fever, distictive, progressive
Treatment: vaccine, JJNNEOS, ACAMZOO
Cholera: an acute diarrhea illness caused by infection of intestine.
Causes: infected water, eating raw meat, contaminated food
Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heart beat
Treatment: vaccines, zinc treatment, antibiotics
Pertussis (Whooping Cough): very contagious respiratory illness.
Causes: bacteria, transmission, breathing in (inhaling) bacteria
Symptoms: swelling in airway, runny/stuffed nose, fatigue
Treatment: antibiotics, vaccination, eat small meals every 2-3 hours
Rubella: contagious disease caused by a virus.
Causes: direct contact, saliva/mucous, through the air by coughing or sneezing
Symptoms: fever, headache, swollen/enlarged lymph nodes
Treatment: acetaminophen, over-the-counter medication, tylenol
Varicella (chicken pox): highly contagious viral infection caused by itchy, blister rash on skin.
Causes: varicella-zoster virus, contact with virus, adults can develop the health complications
Symptoms: itchiness, blisters/rash on epidermis, fever
treatment: vaccine, oatmeal bath, cooling gel to relieve itching
Haemophilus Inluenza Type B (Hib): bacterial illness that can lead to a potentially dead brain infection.
Causes: person-to-person contact, secretions from an infected person, infections and pneumonia
Symptoms: headache, stiff neck, seizures
Treatment: antibiotics,vaccines, rifampin
Tuberculosis (TB): serious infectious bacterial disease that mainly affect the lungs.
Causes: spread by contact, contact with bacteria, kidney disease
Symptoms: coughing, fever, weightloss
Treatment: antibiotics, ethambutol, rifamph
Malaria: disease caused by a plasmodium parasite.
Causes: mosquito bites, cause anemia, cause kidney faliure
Symptoms: sweating, chills, fatigue
Treatment: anti-parasites, garlic teas, eat the artemisia annual plant (Chineese Traditional Medicine).