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Giselle Rojas Period 3 Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Giselle Rojas Period 3 Lymphatic/Immune System
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC
lymphatic vessels collect and carry away excess tissue fluid from interstital spaces, eventually returning it to the blood
lymph nodes, which are situated along lymphatic vessels, contain lymphocytes, which help DEFEND BODY AGAINST DISEASE
1.) lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries
2.) merges to form larger vessels
3.) then to lymphatic trunks
4.) then empty into veins in the thoracic cavity
IMMUNE:
response by the body against specific pathogens, their toxins or metabolic products
third line of defense against pathogens
includes cellular immune response and humoral immune response
ARTIFICIAL vs. NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
occurs after exposure to the antigen; long-term resistance, due to the events of a primary immune response (memory B cells are produced)
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
occurs through the use of vaccines, without the person becoming ill from disease
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
occurs as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus; this is short-term immunity, due to lack of an immune response and lack of memory B cell formation
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
involves the injection of gamma globulins containing antibodies of antiserum; this is short term, because there was no antigen exposure, no immune response, no memory B cell produced
Naturally
every day/normal
Artificially
an injection
Active
your body is making the antibody
Passive
you are given the antibody
LOCATION/FUNCTION OF LYMPHATIC ORGANS
LYMPH NODES
located in groups or chains along lymphatic vessels
bean shaped
afferent lymphatic vessels enter on the convex surface
filtered lymph leaves lymph node through efferent lymphatic vessels removing many pathogens
Major areas of lymph nodes: cervical, thoracic, axillary, supratrochlear, abdominal, pelvic, inguinal regions
Immune Surveillance: monitor body fluid; performed by lymphocytes and macrophages
Lymphocytes: attack viruses, bacteria and parasitic cells that enter a lymph node
Macrophages: engulf and destroy foreign particles, debris, and damaged cells
THYMUS
shrinks in size during the lifetime
large in children, small in adults
replace by adipose and connective tissue in the elderly
lobules contain lymphyocytes, some of which mature into T cells or T lymphocytes, that leave the THYMUS to provide immunity
SPLEEN
lines in the upper left abdominal cavity
largest lymphatic organ in body
similar to a large lymph node, except it contains blood instead of lymph
filters the blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
HUMORAL/CELLULAR RESPONSE
CELLULAR RESPONSE
lymphocytes require activation before they can respond to antigens
T cell activation requires an encounter with an antigen-presenting cell such as B cell or macrophage
MHC proteins help T cells recognize displayed antigens
when T cells recognize and bind to antigenic fragments that match their receptors, they become activated
Cellular Immune Response/Cell Mediated Immunity
response through cell-to-cell contact, as activated T cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells
T cells also synthesize and secrete cytokines
some T cells secrete toxins, growth-inhibiting factors, or interferon
Types of T Cells
helper T cells: stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against displayed antigen
cytotoxic T cells: monitor the bodys cells, recognizing and eliminated cancer cells and virus-infected cells
cytokines from helper T cells activate cytotoxic T cells, which then increase number of identical cells in their clone
cytotoxic T cells then bind to antigen-bearing cells, and release perforin, which cuts pores in the cell membrane, destroying the cells
memory T cells provide a quick response to any future exposure to the same antigen, by dividing to produce a large number of cytotoxic T cells
HUMORAL RESPONSE
B cell may become activated and produce a clone of cells when it encounters an antigen that matches its receptors, and binds to it
when a helper T cell encounters a B cell that has already encountered and bound to an antigen, the helper T cell releases cytokines that activate the B cell
some of the B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Humoral Immune Response
antibodies travel through the body fluids to attack and destroy antigens
PURPOSE/EXAMPLES OF 1ST, 2ND, & 3RD LINE OF DEFENSE
1ST LINE OF DEFENSE
mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membranes)
2ND LINE OF DEFENSE
chemical barriers (enzymes, pH, salt, interferons, complement)
natural killer cells
inflammation
phagocytosis
fever
3RD LINE OF DEFENSE
cellular immune response
humoral immune response
ANTIGENS/ANTIBODIES
5 major types of antibodies (immunogoblins)
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
Antibody Actions (3 methods)
Direct Attack: by agglutination, precipitation, or neutralization of antigens; these methods make antigens more susceptible to phagocytosis
Activation of Complement: results in opsonization, chemotaxis, inflammation, agglutination, neutralization, alteration, or lysis of antigens or antigen-bearing cells
Inflammation: stimulation of local inflammatory changes in the area, that helps prevent the spread of the pathogens
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE SYSTEM
Chickenpox
a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus
spread through direct contact w/ someone infected
airborne (sneezing)
infants/pregnant women are more at risk
Symptoms: fever, tiredness, loss of appetite
Treatment: vaccine, over-the-counter meds, skin lotion to ease itching
Pinworm Infection
causes itching around anus which can lead to difficulty sleeping/restlessness
affects children under 18
swallowing infective pinworm eggs
transmitted through fingers//finger nails
Symptoms: itching around anal area, difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite
Treatment: mebendazole, over-the-counter pyrantel pamoale, albendazole
Tetanus
bacteria enters the body, they produce toxins that cause painful
contaminated wounds (dirt, saliva)
punctured wounds (nail, needle)
burns
Symptoms: jaw cramping, trouble swallowing, headaches
Treatment: drugs to control muscle spasms, antibodies, aggressive wound care
Malaria
parasites that feed off on humans
piasmodian parasites
blood transfusion from infected person
bitten by infected mosquito
Symptoms: fever, jaundice, kidney failure
Treatment: RTS vaccine, wear-long sleeved shirts, treat clothing/gear w/ permethrin
Pertussis (whooping cough)
highly contagious respiratory tract infection that is easily preventable by vaccine
bordetella pertussis
bacterial pneumonia
inflammation of the brain
Symptoms: cough, nasal congestion, body fatigue
Treatment: prescribed antibodies, use cool mist humidifier, vaccination
Rubella
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INNATE(natural) IMMUNE DEFENSES AND ADAPTIVE(acquired) IMMUNE DEFENSES
INNATE DEFENSES
guard against many types of pathogens; respond quickly
include species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever
ADAPTIVE DEFENSES/IMMUNITY
respond against only a specific type of pathogen; respond more slowly
accomplished by specialized lymphocytes, which secrete cytokines or antibodies
INNATE (nonspecific) DEFENSES
Species Resistance
a species is resistant to diseases that affect other species
Based on:
different chemical environments
a body temperature that does not provide the conditions required by the pathogens
presence or absence of receptors for a particular type of pathogens
Mechanical Barriers
prevent the entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical separation of pathogens and internal tissues
includes hair, mucus, and sweat
represents the bodys first line of defense
Inflammation
a tissue response to injury or infection
function is to stop the spread of pathogens and infection
characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
Chemical Barriers
chemical that kills many pathogens
Acidic Environment provided by HCI in gastric juice is lethal to some pathogens
Enzymes, such as pepsin in the stomach and lysozyme in tears, destroy many pathogens
Interferons, hormonal-like peptides secreted by lymphocytes and fibroblasts when viruses or tumor cells are present, block viral replication and slow tumor growth
Natural Killer Cells
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