Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Immune System Jazlynn Banuelos P.3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - thinner than those of veins, but are
        constructed with the same 3 layers
- - - - Function
        
        kill many pathogens
      - Chemicals
        
        Acidic Environment
        
        provided by HCl in gastric juice is lethal to some pathogens
        
        Enzymes
        
        pepsin in the stomach and lysozyme in tears, destroy many pathogens
        
        Interferons
        
        hormone-like peptides secreted by lymphocytes & fibroblasts when viruses or tumor cells are present, block viral replication and slow tumor growth
    - - Function
        
        Prevent entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical
        separation of pathogens & internal tissues
      - Characteristics
        
        Includes hair, mucus, and sweat, represent the body’s first line of defense
    - - Function
        
        tissue response to injury or infection, top the spread of pathogens & infection
      - Characteristics
        
        redness, swelling, heat, & pain
    - - Function
        
        Defend the body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting perforins which lyse (break apart) cell membranes of pathogens
      - Characteristics
        
        Small group of lymphocytes, other than T cells and B cells
    - - Function
        
        Engulfment & digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, & debris
        
        Neutrophils
        
        engulf smaller particles
        
        Monocytes
        
        attack larger ones, give rise to macrophages outside the blood,
      - Characteristics
        
        attracted to the injured area by chemotaxis
    - - Function
        
        provides a hostile environment for pathogens that reproduce best under normal human conditions
      - Charcteristics
        
        Elevated body temperature causes the liver & spleen to take
        up iron, reducing the amount in the blood
        
        Phagocytic cells attack with greater vigor when the temperature
        rises
  - - - Function
        
        any large molecules that that can trigger an immune response
      - Characteristics
        
        Before birth, the body makes an inventory of “self” antigens
    - - Functions
        
        attack viruses, bacteria and parasitic cells that
        enter a lymph node
      - Characteristics
- - - - response through cell-to-cell contact, as activated T cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells
    - - Antibodies travel through the body fluids to attack and destroy antigens
- - - - chains along the parts of the larger lymphatic vessels, cervical, thoracic, axillary, supratrochlear, abdominal, pelvic, and inguinal regions
    - - Filter lymph & remove bacteria and cellular debris before
        lymph is returned to the blood
      - Immune surveillance: Monitor body fluids; performed by lymphocytes and macrophages
      - Macrophages engulf and destroy foreign particles, debris, and
        damaged cells
    - - bean-shaped, Filtered lymph leaves lymph node through efferent lymphatic vessels removing many pathogens
  - - - in the chest, between the lungs and behind the breastbone or sternum.
    - - provide immunity
    - - Shrinks in size during the lifetime; large in children, small in
        adults, replaced by adipose & connective tissue in the elderly
  - - - Lies in the upper left abdominal cavity
    - - Filters the blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
    - - Largest lymphatic organ in body, contains blood instead
        of lymph
- - - - need helper T cells for activation, helper T cell releases cytokines that activate the B cell
  - - - encounter with an antigen-presenting
        cell such as a B cell or macrophage
    - - help T cells recognize displayed antigens
- - - - trigger an immune response
    - - Before birth, the body makes an inventory of “self” antigens, directed against “nonself” molecules
  - - - protect unwanted substance enters your body
    - - 5 major types of antibodies (immunoglobulins) constitute the gamma globulin fraction of the plasma (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD)
    - - Direct attack
        
        agglutination, precipitation, or neutralization of antigens
      - Activation of complement
        
        opsonization, chemotaxis, inflammation, agglutination, neutralization, alteration, or lysis of antigens or antigen-bearing cells
      - Inflammation
        
        Stimulation of local inflammatory changes in the
        area, that helps prevent the spread of the pathogens
- - - - Result
        
        resistance results, due to the events of a primary
        immune response
      - Mechanism
        
        after exposure to the antigen;
      - Immunity
        
        long-term
    - - Result
        
        person develops long-term immunity, due to an immune response that includes memory B cell formation
      - Mechanism
        
        through the use of vaccines, without the person becoming ill from the disease;
      - Immunity
        
        long-term
  - - - Result
        
        no antigen exposure, no immune response, and no memory B
        cells produced
      - Mechanism
        
        the injection of gamma globulins containing antibodies or antiserum
      - Immunity
        
        short-term
    - - Result
        
        lack of an immune response and lack of memory B cell formation
      - Mechanism
        
        occurs as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus;
      - Immunity
        
        short-term
- - - - obtained by receiving antibodies;
  - - - obtained through antigen exposure
- - - - Provides cellular immune response
    - - Lymphatic tissues, 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes in blood
    - - Thymus
    - - Helper T cells
        
        stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the displayed antigen
      - Cytotoxic T Cells
        
        monitor the body's cells, recognizing and eliminating cancer cells and virus-infected cells
      - Memory T cells
        
        provide a quick response to any future exposure to the same antigen, by dividing to produce a large number of cytotoxic T cells
  - - - Provides humoral response
    - - Lymphatic tissues, 20-30% of circulating lymphocytes in blood
    - - Red bone marrow
  - - - 5–15% of peripheral blood lymphocytes,bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils
    - - control several types of tumors and infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage.