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Natalie Valdivia Period 3 Lymphatic/ Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Natalie Valdivia
Period 3
Lymphatic/ Immune System
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Functions of the Lymphatic System:
Lymph nodes helps defend body against disease
Lymphatic vessels collect and carry away excess tissue fluid
from interstitial spaces, eventually returning it to the blood
Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries, that merge to
form larger vessels, and then lymphatic trunks, that empty into veins in the thoracic cavity
Functions of the Immune System:
Body defends against pathogens
First line of defense includes mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membranes)
Second line of defense includes
Chemical barriers (enzymes, pH, salt, interferons, complement)
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Fever
Third line of defense includes
Cellular immune response
Humoral immune response
Antigens can trigger an immune
response like proteins, food, chemicals, etc...
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Lymph Node
Location: located in groups or chains along lymphatic vessels
Located in clusters, cervical node,axial node, and inguinal node thoracic,
axillary, supratrochlear, abdominal, pelvic,
Function: Filter lymph trapping foreign material such as bacterial and viral particles
Spleen
Location: Lies in the upper left abdominal cavity
Function: Filters the blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
Thymus
Location: Located in the superior surface of the heart
Function: Programs immune system to recognize 'self" and provide a site for maturation
Tonsils
Location: located around the oropharynx
Function: stops germs entering the body through the mouth or nose
Peyer's Patches
Location: located in the illeum
Function: Prevents large infections
Red Bone Marrow
Location: Flate bones and epiphyses
Function: Acts as the major haemospoietic tissue, producing all the formed elements of blood including erythrocytes (red blood cells) leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (thromabocytes)
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate(natural) immune defenses
Its a nonspecific response
Guard against many types of pathogens
The defense responds quickly
Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Responds to body against specific pathogens like toxins or metabolic products
once destroyed clonal deletion occurs. Some will survive as memory cells
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Purpose:
Responses that the body makes against specific pathogens, their toxins or
metabolic products
It basically manages the risks that could potentially happen
Second Line of Defense:
Chemical Barriers (enzymes, ph, salt, interferons, complement)
Natural Killer Cells
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Fever
First Line of Defense:
Mechanical Barriers
Found in the skin and mucous membrane
Third Line of Defense
Cellular Immune Response
Humoral Immune Response
Passive vs. Active immunity
Passive Immunity:
No antigen contact or immune response will occur
No memory B cell are produced
Occurs when body receives antibodies
Its considered a short term immunity
Active Immunity:
Occurs through an anitgen exposure
Immune response occurs in the person
Its considered a long lasting immunity
Anti-bodies and memory B cells are producd
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens:
large molecules that that can trigger an immune
response
Immune response is directed against “nonself” molecules,
which are large and complex foreign molecules
Antibodies:
There are five different types of anitbodies (immunoglobulins) that constitute the gamma globulin
fraction of the plasma (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD)
Antibody Actions:
Direct attack
by agglutination, precipitation, or neutralization of antigens; these methods make antigens more susceptible to
phagocytosis
Activation of complement
results in opsonization, chemotaxis, inflammation, agglutination, neutralization, alteration, or lysis
of antigens or antigen-bearing cells
Inflammation: Stimulation of local inflammatory changes in the area, that helps prevent the spread of the pathogens
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral Response:
The immune response occurs in the person, in which antibodies and memory B cells are produced
Its a long lasting immunity
The humoral response is obtained through antigen exposure
Cellular Response
Passive immunity is obtained by receiving antibodies
It is a short term immunity
Since there is no antigen contact an no immune response occurs, no memory B cells can be produced
Immunity can be acquired by natural events like a disease or induced artificially, by an injection
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial acquired immunity:
Artificially acquired active immunity
Can not become ill with disese
vaccines contain
weakened or dead pathogens, person develops long-term immunity, due to an immune response that includes memory B cell formation
Occurs through the use of vaccines
Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally acquired active
immunity
Memory B cells are produced
occurs after it has been exposed to an antigen
Exposure to live pathogens
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Injection of antiserum or gamma globulins
Short-term immunity without
stimulating an immune response
gamma globulins containing antibodies or antiserum
Artificially acquired passive immunity
no antigen exposure, no immune response, and no memory B
cells produced
Injection of antiserum or gamma globulins
short-term
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Mast Cell
Non-Phagocytic
causes inflammation in allergic responses
Lives in tissue
Macrophage
stay in tissue
Basophil
Stains blue with hematoxylin
Non-Phagocytic
Initiate allergic response
Dendritic cells
Found in sites that are in contact with external antigens
Eosinophil
Stain pink with Eosin
Non-Phagocytic
fights helminthic parasites
releases cytokins
Myeloid pregenator cell
Neutrophil
engulf small particles
Myeloid cells
Leukocytes
B cell
White blood cell that makes antibodies
B cell may become activated and produce a clone of cells when it encounters an antigen that matches its receptors, and binds to it
T cell
CD4+T Cell (CD3+CD4+)
Kills cells with specific antigen on MHCI
Cytotoxic T Cell kills target cell
CD8+T Cell (CD3+CD8+)
Helper T Cell
Secrete cytokins that coordinate macrophages and B cells
Can only see antigens on MHCII
Receptor specific to antigens
Natural killer cells
Small group of lymphocytes
lyse (break apart)
cell membranes of pathogens
secrete substances that enhance inflammation
Defend the body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting
cytolytic substances called perforins
They are large
Naive cell
produce CD4+T Cell (CD3+CD4+) and CD8+T Cell (CD3+CD8+)
Plasma cell
Monocyte
Attacks larger ones
Helper T cells
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against
the displayed antigen
Memory T Cells
provide a quick response to any future
exposure to the same antigen
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Hepatitis B
Causes or Risk Factors:
Sexual contact
Blood-to-blood contact
Infected women during birth process
Symptoms:
Dark color urine
Nausea
Fatigue
Description:
Contagious liver infection by hepatitis B virus
Treatment Options:
Anti-viral drugs
Self-care
Interferon injections
Tetanus
Causes or Risk Factors:
Wounds contaminated with dirt
Burns
Insect bites
Symptoms:
Lock jaw
Trouble swalloing
Seizure
Description
:
An infection that attacks the nervous system caused by toxin producing bacterium
Treatment Options:
Antibiotics
Drugs to control muscle spasms
Evaluation & care in hospital
Polio
Causes or Risk Factors:
Contact with infected person
Droplets from a sneeze or cough
contaminated food or water
Symptoms:
Fever
Nausea
Fatigue
Description:
Life-threatening disease caused by poliovirus
Treatment Options:
No cure
Physical therapy
Occupational therapy
Tuberculosis (TB)
Causes or Risk Factors:
Low body weight
Organ transplant
HIV infection
Symptoms:
Feeling week
Coughing
Chest pain
Description:
A disease caused by germs that affect the lungs
Treatment Options:
Medication
Prevention therapy
4 month or 6/9 month rigimen treatment
Meningitis
Causes or Risk Factors:
Head injury
Cancer
Ambeic (lives in warm water/ soil)
Symptoms:
High temperature
Flu like symptoms
Headache
Description:
A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain or spinal cord causing swelling
Treatment Options:
Antibiotics
Steroid medication
Oxygen face mask
Pinworm infection
Causes or Risk Factors:
People who take care of the infected are at high risk
Can be air bone & ingested while breathing
Swallowing infective pinworn eggs that are on finger nails under finger nails or on clothing, bedding and other contaminated objects/ surfaces
Symptoms:
Itching around the anal area
Difficulty sleeping
Irritability
Description:
A small white thin round worm called Enterbius Vermiculans
Treatment Options:
Over the counter medication
Mebenazole
Pyrantel pamoate
Albendazole
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Causes or Risk Factors:
Death
Sickle cell disease
Pneumonia
Symptoms:
Fever & chills
Diarrhea
Pain in abdomen
Description:
Serious illness caused by bacteria
Treatment Options:
Medication for low blood pressure
Breathing support
Wound care
Toxoplasmosis
Causes or Risk Factors:
Food born transmission
Animal to human (zoonotic)
Mother to child
Symptoms:
Blurred vision
Flu like symptoms
If pregnant can have a miscarriage
Description:
An infection caused by a single-celled parasite called toxoplasma gondii
Treatment Options:
Prescribed medicine
Pyrimethamine drug
Sulfadiazine drug
Pertussis (whooping caough)
Causes or Risk Factors:
Bacterial infection
Broken vessels
Bruised cracked ribs
Pneumonia/ brain damage (infants only)
Symptoms:
Dry cough
Fever
Runny nose
Description:
Highly contagious disease that can be very serious, especially for babies
Treatment Options:
Antibiotics
Drinking plenty of fluids
Use clean, cool mist humidifer to loosen mucus & sooth the cough
Malaria
Causes or Risk Factors:
Anophelets mosquito people that have been heavily exposed are risk at death
Feed on humans
Transmits by being bitten by a female mosquito
Symptoms:
Fever
Nausea and vomiting
Sweats
Description:
Is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasite
Treatment Options:
Prescription drugs
Artmelturimefantrine (codtem)
Atovaquoneproguanil (malarune)
Varicella (chicken pox)
Symptoms:
Scabs
Bumps
Fever
Causes or Risk Factors:
Highly contagious
Spreads to people who have never had it or are not injected
Affects singles
Description:
Is a contagious disease that is caused by the varicella-zaster virus (VZV
Treatment Options:
Vaccine for chicken pox (2 doses)
Calaline lotion & cool bath with baking soda and uncooked oatmeal
Acetaminophen
Cholera
Causes or Risk Factors:
Drinking dirty pipe water
Improper cooked seafood
Poor sanitation
Symptoms:
Vomiting
Rapid heart rate
Diarrhea
Description:
Acute life-threatening bacterial disease
Treatment Options:
Rehydration therapy
Zine treatment
Antibiotic treatment
Rubella
Causes or Risk Factors:
Exposure to an infected person
Can be passed on from pregnant person to fetus
Travels through air (coughing/ sneezing)
Symptoms:
Low grade fever
Headache
Rash on face that spread to body
Description:
A contagious disease caused by a virus called RuV
Treatment Options:
No treatment
No medications
Just rest
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD)
Causes or Risk Factors:
Person to person contact
Causes rash or sore throat on hands feet and inside of mouth
Fluid from blisters or scabs
Symptoms:
Fever
Sore throat
Skin rash
Description:
Hand, foot, and mouth disease common in children under 5 years of age
Treatment Options:
Over the counter medications
Drinking enough liquids
Most people get better within 7-10 days
Measles
Symptoms:
High fever
Koplik spots
Red watery eyes
Treatment Options:
No medicine/ cure
Tylenol, antibiotics and vitamin A to help the symptoms
Drink plenty of water
Causes or Risk Factors:
Pregnancy
Air space after an infected person leaves the area
Affect ages >20 or <5
Description:
A viral respiratory illness
Smallpox
Causes or Risk Factors:
Air in enclosed setting with someone infected
Touching materials that are contaminated with scab fluid
Droplets that are coughed/sneezed from infected people
Symptoms:
High fever
Vomiting
Rash on skin, starts at the face and spreads to the rest of the body
Description:
An acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the orthopox virus family
Treatment Options:
Antiviral drugs
Vaccine but no recommended
Tecovirimat (T POXX) drug - FDA approved