Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Alexia Avalos Period: 1 The Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Alexia Avalos
Period: 1
The Immune System
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Lymphocytes
attack viruses,bacteria and parasitic cells that enter a lymph node
Filter Lymph
removes bacteria and cellular debris b4 lymph return to blood
Immune Surveillance
monitor body fluids; performed by lymphocytes and macrophages
Macrophages
Outside blood, either free, become fixed in various tissues
Engulf and destroy foreign particles, debris, and damaged cells
Natural Killer Cells
Defend body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances, perforins, lyse cell membranes of pathogens
Neutrophils
engulf smaller particles
Monocytes
attack large pathogens
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First Line of Defense
Mechanical Barriers ( Skin and Mucous membrane)
Prevent entry of certain pathogens by providing physical separations of pathogens and internal tissues
Hair, mucus, and sweat
Second line of Defense
Chemical Barriers
: chemicals that kill many pathogens
Natural Killer Cells:
defend body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances, perforins, LYSE, and cell membranes of pathogens
Inflammation
: stop spread of pathogens and infection
Pathgocytosis:
engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and debris
Fever
: occurs when body tempt re-set to higher set point and provide Hostile Environment for pathogens reproduce best under normal human conditions
Third Line of Defense
Cellular Immune Response:
Consists of T cells and these T cells secrete cytokines that enhance cellular responses to antigens. T Cells also secrete toxins, growth-inhibiting factors, or infection. The Cellular Immune Response responds through cell to cell contact as activated T cells interact directly with antigen- bearing cells
Humoral Immune Response:
Consists of B Cells that activate and produce clone of cells when encounters antigen that matches receptors and bind. These B Cells produce and secrete antibodies. These Antibodies travel through body fluids to attack and destroy antigens.
Antigens and Antibodies
Antigens
Can be large molecules tat trigger an immune response (proteins, food, chemicals)
Before birth, body makes inventory of self antigens
Immune responses directed against "Non self "Molecules ; large and complex foreign molecules
Antibodies
Produced by B cells
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
Direct attack make antigens more susceptible to phagocytes
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
Exposed to live pathogens
Stimulation of an immune response with symptoms of a disease
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
Exposure to vaccine containing weakened/ dead pathogen/ their components
Stimulation of immune response without severe symptoms of disease
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
Antibodies passed to fetus from pregnant women with active immunity to newborn through colostrum/breast milk from woman with active immunity
Short-term immunity for newborn without stimulating immune responses
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Injection of antiserum/gamma globulins
Short term immunity without stimulating immune response
Major Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System
Immune System
Help defend body against disease
Lymphatic System
Collect and carry excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces; return it to blood
Second circulatory system
Innate ( Natural) Immune defenses and Adaptive (acquired) immune defenses
Innate (Nonspecific) defenses
Species Resistance
Mechanical Barriers
Inflammation
Chemical Barriers
Natural Killers
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune Defenses
Respond against specific types of pathogens; respond more slowly
Accomplished by specialized lymphocytes, secrete cytokines/antibodies
Humoral Response and Cellular Response
Cellular Immune Response
T Cell Activation requires encounter with Antigen- Presenting Cell, which are B cell, Macrophages, encounter and phagocyte.
Response through cell to cell contact as activated T cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells
T cell cells secrete cytokines that enhance cellular responses to antigens
T cells secrete toxins, growth - inhibiting, factors, or interferon
Cytoxic T cells monitor body cells, recognizing and eliminating cancer cells and virus -infected cells
Cytokines from t cells activate cytotoxic T cells and increase number of identical cells in their clone then bind to antigen bearing cells and release perforin; cut pores and destroying cells
Memory T cells provide a quick response to future exposure to same antigen, by dividing to make large number of cyotoxic T cells =
Humoral Response
B cell become activated and prodce clone f cells when encouters antigen that matches recpetors and bind
Helper T cells encounter B cell that has already encountered and bound to antigen, Helper realize cytokines to activate B cell, stimulating it to proliferate
B cel differentiate into plasma cells and produce and secrete antobodies
Antibodies travel through body fluids to attack and destro antigens
Memory B cells remain dormant at time , respond to future encounters with antigen
Passive VS. Active Immunity
Passive
Obtained by receiving antibodies; no antigen contact and no immune response occurs, no memory B cells produced; short term immunity
Active
Obtained through antigen exposure; immune response occur in person; long lasting immunity
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Lymph Node
Location
: Neck, axilla, chest, abdomen, and groin
- Function:
Cleanse Lymph and site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Spleen
Location
: Upper left side of abdomen
- Function:
Cleanse blood and remove aged, defective RBCs and store platelets, monoctyes, and iron
Thymus:
Location
: Upper chest behind the sternum
- Function:
Site of T cell maturation and protection against diverse pathogens, tumors, and antigens
Tonsils
Location
: Back of the throat
Function
: Composed of Lymphatic nodules
Peyer's Patches
- Function:
Keep intestinal flora at appropriate levels and pathogens and prevent infections
- Location:
Ileum
Red Bone Marrow
- Location:
Center of most bones
Functions:
Produce all formed elements of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Disorders associated with the immune system
Chicken Pox
Description
: Contagious and varicella- zaster virus
Causes:
Varicella- Zaster virus and enter through respiratory tract and conjenctiva
Symptoms:
Fever, tiredness, and headache
Treatment
: 2 dose of vaccine, acetaminophen, and calanline lotion
Toxoplasmosis
Description
: Infection and Parasite
Causes
: Pregancy, weak immune system, toxoplasma gondi parasite
Symptoms
: Flu, muscle aches, organ damage
Treatment
: Medicine, antibodies , and antifungal
Rubella
Description
: contagious, infection, and red rash
Causes
: Exposure to rash, direct contact with infected mucus, and exposure to infected person
Symptoms
: Fever, sore throat, mild pink eye
Treatment
: MMR Vaccine, Medicine, and Antibodies
Meningitis:
Description
: Bacteria, viral, and infection
Causes
: Parasite, head injury, cancer
Symptoms:
High tempt, flu-like symptoms, and rash
Treatment
: Men B Vaccine, Pneumonal vaccine, and HIB/Menc Vaccine
Measles
Description
: Viral Respiratory illness
Causes
: Ages below 5, Pregancy, exposure to infected
Symptoms
: High fever, cough, and death
Treatments
: no cure, time/rest, drink plenty of water