Berenice Cardenas Per.1 Immune System
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Antigens and antibodies
Passive vs. Active immunity
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Humoral response and cellular response
First Line: Mechanical Barriers
Second Line: Innate Defenses
Third Line: Specific Defenses
Physical barrier between internal tissues and certain pathogens to prevent entry, it includes hair, mucus, and sweat; Ex. unbroken skin & mucous membranes of the body
Consists of inflammation, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, phagocytosis,, and fevers.
Inflammation- its purpose is to stop the spread of pathogens and infection; blood vessels dilate, capillary permeability increases, and white blood cells are attracted into the affected area, as a result, fibroblasts secrete chemicals that produce a sac around the affected area and its wall to fight off infections
Chemical Barriers- chemicals meant to kill pathogens
Natural Killer Cells- a small group of lymphocytes that aren't T cells or B Cells
Phagocytosis- engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particle, and debris
Fevers- occurs when body tempurature is reset to a higher point
adaptive (specific) defenses, defense against specific pathogens and their toxins/metabolic products
Toxoplasmosis- a food-borne illness, pregnant people and those with weakened immune systems are most susceptible; caused by eating uncooked foods, mother-to-child transmission, has flu-like symptoms, followed by reduced vision and body aches, treatment options are pyrimethamine, sulfadiaze, and folinic acid
Rubella- a contagious viral infection, that travels through the air, and can be contracted by exposure to an infected person, or mother-to-child transmission; symptoms are high fevers, rash on face and body, and swollen lymph nodes; treatment options are early childhood vaccinations and medication to help with symptoms
Polio- a life-threatening disease caused by Polonius, occurs by contact with infected individuals or droplets from a sneeze or cough; symptoms are a high fever, vomiting, or paralysis; there's no cure but physical/occupational therapy can help
Whooping Cough- a highly contagious respiratory tract infection, caused by bacterial infections, coughing droplets, or abdominal hernia; symptoms are a runny nose, dry cough, and muscle weakness; treatment options are antibiotics, and early childhood vaccinations
Tetanus- an infectious disease caused by clostridium tetani, caused by tetanus spores, unclean environments, and bacteria; symptoms are jaw cramping, trouble swallowing, and change in blood pressure & heart rate; treatment options are tetanus vaccination, antibiotics, and hospital care
Hepatitis B- a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus, transmission occurs from blood-to-blood contact, sexual contact, or traveling to destinations where HBV is common; symptoms are fevers, dark-colored urine, and abdominal pain; treatment consists of antiviral drugs, interferon injections, and in extreme cases a liver transplant
Innate (nonspecific) defenses- guards against pathogens and respond quickly, they respond with mechanical and chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fevers
Adaptive (specific) defenses- they only go up against a certain type of pathogen, which results in a slower response, accomplished by specialized lymphocytes that secrete cytokines/antibodies
Antigens- molecules that can trigger an immune response, the body has a "supply" of "self" antigens before birth, "self" antigens are directed against "nonself" molecules
Antibodies- there's 5 major types of antibodies(immunoglobins), they contitute the gamma globin fraction of plasma
Passive Immunity- obtained by receiving antibodies; since there is no antigen contact and no immune response occurs, there are no memory B cells produced
Active Immunity- obtained through antigen exposure, an immune response occurs in the person, in which antibodies and memory B cells are produced
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity- occurs with the use of vaccines, the vaccines hold a small dose of the weakened pathogens helping the individual develop long-term immunity
! Due to an immune response that includes memory B cell formation !
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity- occurs after exposure to antigen, exposure builds long-term resistance due to a primary immune response (memory B cells produced)
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity- occurs when there's an injection of gamma globulins that contain antibodies/antiserums, only short-term since there's no exposure to antigen, there's no immune response and no memory B cells produced
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity- antibodies passed from the mother to fetus, short-term immunity because there's a lack of an immune response and lack of memory B cell formation
The lymphatic system acts as a second circulation system, lymphatic vessels connect and carry away excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces which eventually make its way back into the blood
The two different immune systems helps defend the body against pathogens, disease-causing agents that can lead to an infection
Lymph Nodes- located in groups/chains along lymphatic vessels, they're not found in the central nervous system, central concentrations are cervical, thoracic, axillary, supratrochlear, abdominal, pelvic, and inguinal regions
Filter Lymph- they remove bacteria and cellular waste before lymph is returned to the blood
Immune Surveillance- monitors body fluids; performed by lymphocytes and macrophages
Thymus- it's located in the chest, between the lungs and behind the breastbone or sternum; lobules contain lymphocytes which some mature into T-cells that will leave the thymus to provide immunity
! The thymus is larger in children and shrinks in size during the lifetime !
Spleen- located in the upper left abdominal cavity, it filters blood and removes damaged cells and bacteria, its similar to large lymph nodes
! Largest lymphatic organ in the body !
Species Resistance- a species is resistant to diseases that affect other species, some factors are different chemical environments, body temperature that doesn't provide the required condition by the pathogen, or the presence/absence of receptors for a certain pathogen
Cellular Response- this is a response through cell-to-cell contact
activated T cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells
T cell activation requires an encounter with an antigen-presenting cell, such as a B cell or macrophage, that has already encountered & phagocytized the antigen
Macrophages digest the pathogen and display the antigenic fragments on their own cell membrane, complexed with special proteins
T cells synthesize & secrete cytokines that enhance cellular responses to antigens
Some T cells secrete toxins, growth-inhibiting factors, or interferons
Humoral Response- produces antigen-specific antibodies, produces a clone of cells when it encounters an antigen that matches its receptors and binds to it
! Most B cells need helper T cells for activation !
Helper T cells encounters a B cell that has already encountered & bound to an antigen
Helper T cell releases cytokines that activate the B cell, stimulating it to divide and form a clone (proliferate)
Some B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies
Those antibodies travel through the body fluids to attack & destroy antigens
Lymphocytes- they attack viruses, bacteria, and parasite cells that enter the lymph node
Macrophages- engulf and destroy foreign particles,debris, and damaged cells
Neutrophils- they engulf smaller particles, they are also a granulocyte
Monocytes- type of white blood cell, can differentiate into macrophages and monocyte derived dendritic cells, they attack larger particles
Eosinophils- moving to inflamed regions, capturing substances, destroying cells, engaging in antiparasitic and bactericidal activity, taking part in rapid allergic reactions, and controlling inflammatory responses.
Basophils- type of white blood cell
Mast Cells- a form of white blood cell that is prevalent throughout the body's connective tissues, particularly in the lungs and intestines, close to nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels.
Dendritic Cells- a special type of immune cell that is found in tissues, such as the skin, and boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system.
Natural Killer Cells- specific type of immune cell that contains granules (small fragments) with enzymes that can destroy cancer cells or virus-infected cells
B Cells- type of white blood cell that makes antibodies
T Cells- a type of white blood cell that develop from in the bone marrow to form stem cells