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Lymphatic/Immune System - Sandra Cortez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System - Sandra Cortez Period 1
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate immune defenses (non-specific)
A species is resistant to diseases that affect other species based on the following factors:
Different chemical environments
Presence or absence of receptors for a particular type of pathogens
A body temperature that does not provide the conditions required by the pathogens
Adaptive immune defenses (specific)
Response by the body against specific pathogens their toxins or metabolic products
Performed by lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and remember specific foreign molecules on particular pathogens (include both humoral and cellular immune response)
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Lymphatic system
C) Removes bacteria and cellular debris
D) Monitors body fluids
B) Defends the body against disease
E) Attacks viruses and bacteria
A) :star: Carries away excess tissue fluid
F) Engulfs and destroys foreign particles / diseases
Immune system
A) Identify a threat
B) Mount an attack
The immune system can..
C) Eliminate a pathogen
D) Remember said pathogen for future reference
all in 10 days
Passive vs. Active immunity
Passive immunity
Obtained by receiving antibodies
An immune response occurs in the person in which antibodies and memory B cells are produced (This is long-lasting immunity)
Active immunity
Obtained through antigen exposure
Since there is
no antigen contact
and
no immune response occurs
no memory B cells are produced (This is short-term immunity)
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens -
Can be any large molecules that can trigger an immune response (ex: proteins, food, chemicals etc.)
[before birth] the body makes an inventory of "self" antigens
Antibodies -
5 major types of antibodies (immunoglobulins) constitute the gamma globulin fraction of the plasma (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD)
3 methods by which antibodies react to antigens:
1) Direct attack: by agglutination, precipitation or neutralization of antigens; these methods make antigens more susceptible to phagocytosis
2) Activation of complement: results in opsonization, enemotaxis, inflammation, agglutination, neutralization, alteration or lysis of antigens or antigen-bearing cells
3) Inflammation: stimulation of local inflammatory changes in the area, that helps prevent the spread of the pathogens
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral response
B cells interact indirectly, producing antibodies that destroy the antigens or antigen bearing agents
Cellular response
T cells interact directly with the antigens or antigen bearing agents to destroy them
Disorders associated with the Immune system
5) Pertussis (whooping cough):
A highly contagious respiratory tract infection that is easily preventable by vaccination
Symptoms:
Cough, nasal congestion, body fatigue, fever, runny nose or episodes of no breathing
Treatment Options:
Antibiotics, doctor visit, humidifier (cool mist) and fluids
Causes/Risk Factors:
Bordetella pertussis, bacterial pneumonia, inflammation of the brain and droplets
6) Rubella:
A contagious disease caused by the RUV virus
Causes/Risk Factors:
Direct contact or droplets, its caused by a virus that is directly spread and is easily transmitted
Symptoms:
Headache, low grade fever, cough, runny nose or swollen lymph nodes
Treatment Options:
Nothing really shortens or treats this disease but you can go on bed rest or take fever medication
4) Malaria:
Parasites that feed off of humans
Causes/Risk Factors:
Blood transfusion from an infected person, mosquito-borne disease, an infected mother can transmit it
Symptoms:
Fever, jaundice, coma, kidney failure, anemia, seizures and death
Treatment Options:
Protective drugs (antimalarial), iv or oral cindamycin or tetracyclines
7) Cholera:
An acute diarrhea illness caused by infection of the intestine with vibre cholea bacteria
Symptoms:
Headache, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea and low blood pressure
Treatment Options:
Vaccination, oral re-hydration, probiotics, antibiotics and phage therapy
Causes/Risk Factors:
Contaminated water, raw or under cooked food and poor sanitary conditions
3) Tetnus:
Bacteria enters the body, produces toxins that causes painful muscle contractions
Symptoms:
Jaw cramping (trouble swallowing), headaches, fever, seizures and or muscle stiffness
Treatment Options:
Antibiotics, aggressive wound care, evaluation and care, and immediate treatment
Causes/Risk Factors:
Caused by clostridium tetani, through contaminated wounds or puncture wounds
8) Small Pox:
A serious (infectious) disease caused by the Variola virus
Symptoms:
Fever, muscle aches, headache, severe fatigue, vomiting and rashes
Treatment Options:
Vaccination and antiviral drugs
Causes/Risk Factors:
Face to face contact, contaminated items, respiratory infected droplets or the variola virus
2) Pinworm Infection:
Causes itching around the anus which can lead to difficulty sleeping and restlessness
Symptoms:
Itching around anal area, weight loss, appetite loss and girls can experience itching around their vagina
Treatment Options:
Mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate (over the counter) and albendazole
Causes/Risk Factors:
Children, thumb sucking, can be airborne or transmitted through clothing, bedding etc.
9) Haemophilus Influenzae:
An infection of the nose, throat and lungs (which are part of the respiratory system)
Symptoms:
Fever, aching muscles, headaches and shortness of breath
Treatment Options:
Prescribed medication and oseltamivir medication
Causes/Risk Factors:
Infection in the respiratory tract, influenza virus, transmitted through talking or sneezing
1) Chicken Pox:
A highly contagious disease caused by the Varicella - Zoster Virus (VZV)
Symptoms:
Fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, scabs, fluid filled blisters or bumps
Treatment Options:
Vaccination, over the counter meds, skin lotion and cool baths
Causes/Risk Factors:
Spread through direct contact w someone whose infected, airborne (droplets) and more common in infants and pregnant women
10) Meningitis:
An inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
Symptoms:
Headaches, fever and rashes, stiff neck, fatigue, nausea and vomiting
Treatment Options:
Antibiotics (directly in the vein), fluids, penicillin, steroid meds and oxygen therapy
Causes/Risk Factors:
Viral or bacterial infection, weakened immune system, young and older people are more susceptible
11) Toxoplasmosis:
An infection with a parasite called toxoplasma gondii**
Symptoms:
Fever, swollen lymph nodes, head and muscle aches
Treatment Options:
Antiparasilics, antibiotics, most people recover on their own and don't require meds
Causes/Risk Factors:
Eating under cooked meat, poultry or sea food, contact with cat feces and mother to child transmission
12) Poliomyelitis:
A disabling and life threatening disease caused by the polio virus
Symptoms:
Sore throat, fever, tiredness, nausea and headaches
Causes/Risk Factors:
Person to person contact, contact with the feces of an infected person or contaminated water
Treatment Options:
No treatment or cure for polio but there is physical therapy that may help with arm or leg weakness
13) Tuberculosis:
A bacterial disease that spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets
Symptoms:
Weight, pain in your chest, coughing up blood and a bad cough
Treatment Options:
6-9 month ripe TB treatment, injected meds and bedaquiline (sirturo)
Causes/Risk Factors:
Substance abuse, kidney disease and diabetes, organ transplant or a weakened immune system
14) Measles:
Acute viral respiratory illness
Symptoms:
High fevers, dry cough, runny nose, watery eyes and a rash
Treatment Options:
Prescribed antibiotics, MMR vaccination, fluids and rest
Causes/Risk Factors:
Young unvaccinated kids are most at risk, it's airborne and spread through coughing and sneezing
15) Hand, foot, and mouth disease:
Contagious viral infection common in young children
Symptoms:
Fever, mouth sores, skin rashes and it lasts 7-10 days
Treatment Options:
No specific treatment, but there are over the counter meds and it helps to stay hydrated
Causes/Risk Factors:
Person to person contact, nose and throat secretions and fluids
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Pathogen attempts to gain entrance into the body
First line of defense:
Mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membranes)
Pathogen enters the body
Second line of defense:
Chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis and fever
Third line:
Cellular immune response and humoral immune response
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Mast cells:
Live in tissues, cause inflammation in allergic responses and eat larger proteins in interstitial fluid
Dendrite cells:
Are antigen presenting cells
Basophils:
Initiate allergic responses
Macrophages:
Stay in the tissue and engulf/destroy foreign particles, debris and damaged cells
Eosinophils:
Fight heiminthic parasites by poking holes in the outer layer of heiminths
Monocytes:
Are found only in blood and aid in inflammation
Neutrophils:
Engulf smaller particles (leaves the bloodstream in an area of injury)
T cells
Helper T cells:
Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the displayed antigen
Cytotoxic T cells:
Monitor the body's cells recognizing and eliminating cancer cells and virus infected cells
Memory T cells:
Provide a quick response to any future exposure to the same antigen by dividing to produce a large number of Cytotoxic T cells
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificially acquired immunity
Artificially acquired
passive
immunity
Injection of antiserum or gamma globulins, resulting in short term immunity without stimulating an immune response
Artificially acquired
active
immunity
Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components, resulting in the stimulation of an immune response without the severe symptoms of a disease
Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally acquired
active
immunity
Exposure to live pathogens, resulting in the stimulation of an immune response w/ symptoms of a disease
Naturally acquired
passive
immunity
Antibodies passed to fetus from pregnant woman w/ active immunity or to newborn through colostrum or breast milk from a woman w/ active immunity, this results in short term immunity for a newborn without stimulating an immune response
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
3) Thymus
Location: On the superior surface of the heart
Function: Site of T cell maturation
4) Tonsils
Location: Compact masses of lymphatic tissue
Function: Stop germs from entering the body through the mouth or nose
2) Spleen
Location: Left side of the abdomen (between the 9th and 11th ribs)
Function: Cleanses the blood by removing aged or defective red blood cells, it's the site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation and it stores platelets, monocytes and iron
5) Peyer's Patches
Location: Distal part of the small intestine
Function: Keep the pathogens at bay, thereby preventing a large number of infections
1) Lymph node
Location: Major clusters are in the neck , arm pits and groin area
Function: Cleanse lymph, and are the site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
6) Red Bone Marrow
Location: In the central portion of flat bones
Function: Act as the major haemopetic tissue, producing all the formed elements of the blood including erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets (thrombocytes)