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Type of Indoor Air Pollution (1) - Coggle Diagram
Type of Indoor Air Pollution (1)
CARBON MONOXIDE
Characteristics
Colorless
Odorless
Poisonous
Household sources
Furnaces
Gas heaters
Motor vehicle
Caused by incomplete combustion of fuels
Symptoms
Nonspecific (headache or nausea)
Undetected/unsuspected exposure can result in death
Effects can vary significantly based on age
Solution
Eliminate combustion appliances (especially vent-less system)
Use only direct vent isolated air combustion appliances
Use carbon monoxide monitor and alarm
Test each combustion appliance (gas water heater, gas furnace, gas range & oven, gas space heater)
Standards
9 ppm (ASHRAE)
8.6 ppm (WHO Europe: 8 hour average)
9 ppm (US NAAQS: 8 hour average)
10 ppm (Japanese Building Standard Art)
CARBON DIOXIDE
Characteristics
Colourless
Odorless
Natural chemical (non-toxic in low concentration)
Standards
400 ppm (background level air in ambient environment throughout the world)
5000 ppm (Worksafe Australia: 8 hour average)
1000 ppm (ASHRAE)
Symptoms
Headache
Changes in respiratory patterns
Increasing 5% to 10% will lead to
dizziness, confusion, dyspnoea, sweating, dim vision
followed by vomiting, disorientation, hypertension, and ultimately loss of consciousness
Natural sources
Respiration
Biological life
Decay processes
Volcanoes
Other sources
In atmosphere
Combustion of fossil fuels (Anthropogenic source)
In indoor environment
Metabolic processes
Combustion device
RADON
Formed by decay of uranium in the soil
Source
Type of home which is leaky or sealed
Effects
Synergistic effect (more risky for smoker)
Standard
4 pCi/L (EPA)
2 pCi/L (ASHRAE)
Symptoms
Human carcinogen (group 1)
Lung cancer
The best exposure-response relationship is Linear No-Threshold (LNT)
assumes that radiation doses greater than zero or even very small doses of radiation can still cause cancer
FORMALDEHYDE
Formed by
Natural resources
volcanoes
biomass combustion or decomposition
Anthropogenic activities
onsite industrial emissions
fuel combustion from traffic
Other combustion processes from power plants, incineration, etc
Benefits
produced for use in manufacture of resins
disinfectant
fixative
preservative in consumer products
Symptoms
Irritation of eyes, nose, and throat
Respiratory problems and lungs
Menstrual disorders and pregnancy problems
Cancer (long term exposure)
Standards
0.03 ppm or 30 ppb (US Consumer Product Safety Commision)
80 ppb (WHO: 30 minute exposure period)
0.1 ppm (ASHRAE)
0.08 ppm (WHO Europe)