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Neuroanatomy, connected to, blood buildup - Coggle Diagram

- - - - notches between each vertebra
    - - two branches, the dorsal root and the ventral root
        
        sensory input into SC
        
        affect → afferent axons
        
        dorsal root
        
        motor response away from SC
        
        effect → efferent axons
        
        ventral root
  - - - motor AND sensory
  - - - internal organs, blood vessels, and glands. 🩸👤
      - motor AND sensory
- - - - dura mater :muscle:
        
        vessel rupturing
        
        subdural space
        
        subdural hematoma
      - arachnoid membrane :spider_web:
        
        subarachnoid
        space :droplet: 🩸
        
        filled w/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
        
        produced by a special tissue
        
        choroid plexus 🏭, in each of the 4 ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres.
      - pia mater🩸
        
        vessels
  - - - flow of CSF
        
        choroid plexus
        
        through the ventricular system (apertures, located near where the cerebellum attaches to the brain stem)
        
        to the subarachnoid space where CSF is absorbed by blood vessels at special structures called arachnoid villi 🩸
        
        if disrupted
        
        fluid will back up and cause a swelling of the ventricles
        
        hydrocephalus
        
        babies → skull soft and head will expand
        
        adults → more serious, intracranial
        pressure increases → brain function impaired
- - - - generates an image of a slice
        of brain 🥪
        
        how?
        
        X-ray source is rotated around the head within
        the plane of the desired cross section, w/electronic sensors on the other side
        
        information about relative radiopacity fed to a computer that executes a mathematical algorithm on the data
        
        end result: digital reconstruction of the position and amount of radiopaque material in the plane of the slice
      - still used but being replaced by...
    - - advantages
        
        much more detailed
        
        does not require X-irradiation
        
        images of brain slices can be made in any plane desired
      - how?
        
        measures how hydrogen atoms in the brain respond to perturbations of a strong magnetic field.
        
        electromagnetic signals emitted by the atoms detected by an array of sensors around the head & fed to a powerful computer that constructs a map of the brain :world_map:
      - another application
        
        diffusion tensor imaging (DTI),
        enables visualization of large bundles of axons 🥢 in the brain
        
        how?
        
        measuring the diffusion of water in the brain (by comparing position of the hydrogen atoms in water molecules) :droplet:
        
        water diffuses much more readily alongside axon membranes than across them //
        
        can detect axon bundles that connect different regions of the brain
  - - - positron emission tomography
    - - functional magnetic resonance imaging
    - - neurons that are active demand more glucose and oxygen
- - - - two cerebral hemispheres, separated by the sagittal fissure :left_right_arrow:
      - rostral-most and largest
    - - Cerebrum :link: Cerebellum
      - vital functions :heavy_heart_exclamation_mark_ornament:
      - Cerebrum :link: SC