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The Mid-Tudor crises - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Seymour utilised a loophole which gave him full control of the council and monarchial power
        
        Anthony Denny who held the dry stamp was involved to ratify all changes
        
        The council was made up of 15 of Somerset's closest advisor
      - William Paget drew the initial draft and left plenty of space for amendments between the clauses and signatures
        
        By 1551, Edward was attending Privy council meetings, writing vairous papers as a child and set agendas
      - 3rd Act of Succession successful
      - Henry VIII's will
        December 1546: a proposed regency council of conservatives and reformists to govern until Edward turns 18
    - - Advanced to the title of Duke of Somerset, he failed to introduce real reforms
      - Tried to insist that Edward's signature was not valid without his counter signature
      - The New council
        Designed to by pass the privy council, held at Somerset's own house
        Under Henry VIII there were an average of 6 proclamations (law without parliament's consent) whereas under Edward there were 77 & 19 of the total were by Somerset
      - He used his own household servants in positions of government for instance Sir Thomas Smith
      - Added £5000 to his already lavish salary massively increasing his income
      - Somerset's policy
        
        1548: Enclosure commissions under John hales, issued proclamations blaming the countries' economic problems on enclosure
        John Hales introduced 3 proclamations on enclosure
        
        1549- Kett rebellion broke out, seen as a failure of anti-enclosure policies to the peasants, the nobility felt that Somerset's proclamations legitimised the rebels
        
        Somerset who commanded the English army to victory over the Scots in the battle of pinkie did not press the advantage
        His refusal to redeploy troops along the garrisons allowed uprisings to get out of hand
      - Somerset's coup
        
        Anti Somerset faction: Warwick, William Paget and Wriosthey
        
        October 5th, he issued a proclamation calling all "Loyal English Men" to defend him and the king
        
        6th October: Somerset moved Edward to Windsor Castle, Edward writes "me thinks I'm in prison"
        Somerset is arrested
        
        January 1550, Warwick removes all leading Catholic members (Southampton) and he was made Lord president of the council and Became Duke of Northumberland in Oct 1551
        
        Initially, Somerset was pardoned (Feb) and a marriage was arranged between their two families
        
        In April 1551, Somerset was rumoured to be conspiring to overthrow Warwick with the Earl of Shrewsbury and Derby
        
        He was arrested on October 16th 1551 on 33 false changes, including conspiracy to murder
        
        Beheaded January 22nd 1552 on Tower Hill
    - - He staffed his household with his men, Sir John Gates as vice chamberlain, commanded the King's dry stamp
      - Increased number of people in the council to 33, restored to central government
      - Edward would come of age at 16
      - Northumberland policy
        
        Advanced Protestantism
        
        the enforcement of the second prayer book and the 42 articles
        (He was catholic)
        
        Repealed anti enclosure measures and withdrew the 1550 sheep tax
        
        Tried to solve the financial crises
        1550 Treaty of Boulogne
        returning Boulogne for 400,000 crowns
        
        Debts were £300k in 1550 and reduced to £188,000 in 1553
  - - - First queen regent of England
      - Privy Council were divided on the issue of a royal marriage, Mary ignored a petition from the house of commons in 1553, favoured a closer link with the Hapsburg through Philip
      - Marriage treaty accepted 7th December 1553, proposed by Paget, Mary & Gardener
        
        Philip had no royal sovereignty intrinsically and his son would not inherit Spain
        
        At the wedding Mary ate from gold silverware and Philip are from silverware
    - - Had dominated Europe for 30 years, the empire was split in 1555 after Charles V abdicated
      - Philip returned to England in 1558 and demanded funds and naval support (Mary had sent 6000 troops in January)
      - She joined war because Henry II was openly tolerating English protestant Exiles
        
        27,000 French men easily captured Calais which had been in British hands since 1347
    - - Mary showed leniency and released Gardiner and Norfolk from prison
      - 1st parl: 1553
        
        Acts of Repeal undid religious changes under Edward (80/359 presented against repealing)
        
        Parliament refused the restoration of the Catholic lands
        
        Renounced the tile Supreme head of the Church of England
      - 3rd Parl: Novemeber 1554
        
        106 absentees in january (1/4)
        
        Heresy laws passed,
        
        1555 Great act of repeal reunited England with Rome
        Paged dominated after Gardiner died
        
        A bill to seize protestant exile land was defeated, parliament refused to return monastic lands
        
        A bill to return first fruits and tenths to the papacy passed bur only by 193 votes to 126
      - 2nd Parl: April 1554
        Gardiner wanted to show religious papal authority
        Paget blocked 15 bills
        
        Proposed heresy laws were defeated
        
        Ratification of Mary and Philip's marriage passed smoothly
        
        November 1554: the second act of repeal turned the clock back to 1529
        
        1554: Royal injunctions
        restored catholic practices scuba s holy days and led to the deprivation of married priests (10-25%)
      - Mary had a close relationship with Simon Renard, the imperial ambassador, she didn't trust English councillors
    - - The first devise: Edward excluded his half sisters and stated that the crown should pass to Lady Jane Grey's male heirs
        
        The second Devise, on the 12th June
        Lady Jane Grey and her male heirs
        Edward could not override a parliamentary statute as he was a minor
        
        Any important members signed the devise, Cranmer, Lord Mayor of London, privy councillors, lord chancellor
        
        10th July, Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen against her will
      - May 1553, Lady Jane Grey marries Northumberland's son
      - 6th July 1553, When Edward died, Northumberland hid it for 2 days
        
        13th July: Northumberland had 2000 men but the Privy council refused to send more and many deserted him despite pay rises
      - Mary had support of protestants, Peter Carew who opposed Mary during the Wyatt rebellion
        
        19th July Mary had 20,000 supporters and was acknowledged as queen on the 19th and the council abandoned the tower
        
        Entered London on 3rd August to mass enthusiasm
        
        Crowned on the 1st October in Westminster abbey
- - - - Wyatt supported Mary over Lady Jane Grey his fear that he would loose his position to Spanish nobles
        
        He rebelled to prevent the Queen from marrying Spain, he did not mention religious in his proclamation issued from his headquarters in Maidstone on January 26
    - - Mary offered to meet Wyatt at Blackheath to discuss grievences, she used this delay to gather troops used to defend the city
        She also refused to leave London against her advisors' suggestions
        
        Mary gave a speech on 31st January at Guildhall appealing to the loyalty of Londoners and by 3rd February they were guarding every gate
        
        Wyatt was prevented from entering the city at Ludgate but only 0.5km from the queen
  - - - Population growth: England's population increased from 2.3-3million between 1525-51
      - Inflation: increased demand for food and Somerset's debasement of coinage for the war with France
        1546 saw prices 150% higher than 1508
      - 6 failed harvests between 47-58
      - Vagrancy act 1547:
        Increase in crime, any able bodied person out of work for more than 3 days was to be branded with a V and sold into slavery for 2 years
      - Depression in the cloth trade led to poverty, landlords practices rack-renting
      - Enclosure, Somerset set up commissions under John Hales but landowners refused to cooperate
      - Somerset spent 1356,000 carrying on Henry's wars and had to tell £800,000 worth of crown lands and loans of £50,000 to maintain the royal houses
    - - 1548: William Body is murdered whilst supervising the destruction of images there
      - In Devon, rebellion of the use of the new prayer book on Whitsunday 1549
        Peasants gathered at Bodmin to protest the act of uniformity
        --> the priest delivered a traditional catholic mass and joined forces from Cornwall
      - Led by sons of declining catholic families and their demands were drawn up by Catholic priests
        
        There was an original set of demands that included abolishment of the 1549 sheep tax
        
        Yelled "kill the gentlememt"
        
        Reinstatement of the 6 articles
        
        the use of latin and prayers for the dead
      - Rebels never intended to oppose Edward
        Lord Russel encouraged a consolatory approach but troops were sent
        16th August, despite initial delays, Russell advanced and defeated the forces at stampford Countenay
        
        3000 rebels were killed, no trials and property was confiscated
        
        Robert Welsh, the leader of the rebellion was hanged on the gallows erected on his church tower
    - - March 1549, a 5% tax on sheep was passed against opposition
        
        Hales' enclosure bills did not solve the problems, creating anti-enclosure riots in Norkfolk
        
        July 1949: Rioters in Wymondham pulled down Robert Kett's fences, who welcomed the rebels and assumed leadership
      - Seized Norwich in August 1549, damaged the houses of the wealthy
        Lord Sheffield was murdered
      - 6% of the population of Norwich owned 60% of the wealth
        Norwich had become the centre of textile trade however the industry collapsed in the 1540s
      - Royal Herald offered a full pardon on June 21st but only 20 accepted
        At their camp they brought ministers who preach and would use the new prayer book
        Took off their caps and cried "God save King Edward"
      - 27th August 3000 rebels were killed and Kett was arrested and hung alongside 49 others
      - Kett formed a council made up of village representatives and formed the "The Norfolk articles"
- - - - 19,000 copies still in circulation in 1553
        
        Protestant leaders Ridley and Latimer were imprisoned but still able to publish pamphlets
    - - The third time in 3 years that request had been made, indicating that reform was not being listened too
    - - John Hooper found that in Gloucester, out of 311 clergy only 10 could recite the lords prayer
        171 did not know the 10 commandments
        
        Churchwarden accounts show that all changes had been made
  - - - Gardiner took a leading role in restoring the religious power of Rome in England and he played a part in the persecution of protestants
      - Gardiner sponsored the bill for reviving the hearsay laws