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Theme 2 LO4 - Any ways to improve? - Coggle Diagram
Theme 2 LO4 - Any ways to improve?
Training
PM training sessions that consisted of variable PM training tasks, strategy-focused discussion, and homework assignments.
Those assigned to a control group completed only the first and last training task.
On both a real-world proxy PM transfer task and the training tasks detailed here, there was a positive impact of PM training, suggesting practical benefits of the current training package for older adults. Benefits may also extend to other special populations who experience PM impairments (e.g., traumatic brain injury [TBI], Parkinson’s).
Furthermore, prospective memory is associated with working memory and executive functions and age-related decline is widely reported
Although research on both approaches has produced some promising findings, results are still heterogeneous and the impact of most training regimes for everyday life is unknown.
Waldum, E. R., Dufault, C. L., & McDaniel, M. A. (2016). Prospective Memory Training: Outlining a New Approach. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35(11), 1211–1234.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464814559418
Although research on both approaches has produced some promising findings, results are still heterogeneous and the impact of most training regimes for everyday life is unknown.
By and large, results have shown that they can be, in part through computer-based videogame-like activities. Evidence of wider, more general benefits from such computer-based training, however, is mixed
Evidence produced by this research, however, is also mixed. In sum, much remains to be learned about executive function training. Without question, however, continued research on this important topic will yield valuable information about cognitive development.
Executive functions development
The brain areas that underlie these skills are interconnected with and influenced by activity in many different brain areas, some of which are associated with emotion and stress.
Blair, C. (2017). Educating executive function. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 8(1-2), e1403.
Eliminating stresfull/bussy environments
One consequence of the stress-specific connections is that executive functions, which help us to organize our thinking, tend to be disrupted when stimulation is too high and we are stressed out, or too low when we are bored and lethargic
Executive function and complex attention performance were poorer among the patients compared to controls. Interestingly, their performance was not significantly affected by auditory distraction but, in contrast to the controls, they reported a clear-cut increase in mental tiredness, during and after the test session.
Thus, patients with stress-related exhaustion manage to perform during distraction but this was achieved at a great cost.
Krabbe, D., Ellbin, S., Nilsson, M., Jonsdottir, I. H., & Samuelsson, H. (2017). Executive function and attention in patients with stress-related exhaustion: perceived fatigue and effect of distraction. Stress, 20(4), 333-340.
Source
Eliminating distractions
Participants worked for five days in a baseline condition and then worked five days where online distractions were blocked with software. We discovered that with blocking software, participants assessed their productivity significantly higher and could focus significantly longer.
An unexpected consequence of cutting off distractions for people with less self-control was that they were more focused and worked longer without taking breaks and therefore, experienced higher stress.
People who benefited the most from the software were those who were most distracted by social media.
It is widely assumed that the short-term retention of information is accomplished via maintenance of an active neural trace.
data also show that refocusing attention toward a previously unattended memory item can reactivate its neural signature.
The loss of sustained activity has long been thought to indicate a disruption of STM, but our results suggest that, even for small memory loads not exceeding the capacity limits of STM, the active maintenance of a stimulus representation may not be necessary for its short-term retention.
Mark, G., Iqbal, S., & Czerwinski, M. (2017, September). How blocking distractions affects workplace focus and productivity. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (pp. 928-934).
Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(3), 411.