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Background and Conceptual FW, Spaargaren et al. 2016 consider the shared…

- - - - Draws on bredth of scholarship across SES thinking; social learning; interdisciplinarity; and critical reflection
      - The 'adaptive doing' process works to develop awareness of changed positions and improve integration, which leads to changes in understanding and practices among local communities, by reseacrhers and with practitioners, and offers new insights that can assist us to facilitate sustainability" (p. 5)
- - - - Niche-regime linkages and interactions
        
        dialectical relationship (Smith 2007)
        
        niche can stimulate transformation by `linking up' with tensions in the incumbent regime.
      - Niche-innovations develop through interactions between 3 main processes learning (on various dimensions), network-building/social networks, and articulation of visions and expectations (Kemp et al., 1998; Hoogma et al., 2002).
    - - Strategic Niche Management - advocated as a key policy approach (Hoogma et al, 2002; Schot et al, 1994).
      - Networks of actors collectively engaged in innovation emerging in, and operating across, all levels contribute --> transition (who is seminal niche author/work?)
        
        Complex Adaptive System (CAS) (Klerkx et al., 2010; Rotmans and Loorbach, 2010).
      - Niche initiatives as sources of radical innovation that have the potential, if managed strategically, to seed sustainable regime transformations (Kemp et al, 1998).
      - Research identifies a key source for such shifts in trajectory as the emergence of novel sociotechnical niches at the margins of incumbent regimes (Geels, 2002).
    - - Niche
        
        Strategic niches are deliberately created 'protected spaces' (Schot et al, 1994).
      - Novelty
        
        New technology, a new technical concept or a new way of doing things (van der Ploeg et al., 2004).
        
        Often enacted by local level networks of actors (Tisenkopfs et al., 2009; Esparcia, 2014).
      - Regime
  - - - Linkage relos between niche and regime requires further analytical attention (Smith 2007; Elzen et al., 2012)
      - ... dialectic between niche and regime
      - focus on how niche linearly develop and influence system
      - critique: fails to reveal the complexity of interaction processes (Ingram 2015). Doesn't account for processes between sub-niche networks (novelties)
    - - sociotechnical regimes (the meso-level),
        
        Path dependencies in incumbent sociotechnical regimes
      - socio-technological niches (the micro-level)
        
        Building up internal momentum, waiting for 'windows of opportunity' to exploit destabilization in the incumbent regime, break through
        
        Niche can stimulate transfromation by 'linking up' w tensions in the incumbent regime (Smith 2007)
        
        Applied ideas to green niches - eg. relo between mainstream food system and organic food systems (Smith 2007)
      - socio-technical landscapes (the macrolevel)
    - - critiques = assumption of linear ... (cite)
    - - Research identifies a key source for such shifts in trajectory as the emergence of novel sociotechnical niches at the margins of incumbent regimes (Geels, 2002).
  - - - intermediary regimes
      - mis-matches between domains (ag. & environment), sub-regimes (eg. research), and governance levels that niches can exploit (Diaz et al. 2013)
  - - - Embedded technical artefacts
      - Incumbent practices - greater economies of scale, & pos network externalities
      - institutions
      - prevailing market and social attitudes influence -
      - cognitive frameworks, routines, habits, resources, capabilities, knowledge, and past experience of those developing and adapting practices in the sociotechnical regime
    - - Context plays critical role in enabling or constraining a communities' choice
      - --> Moves further towards accepting the agency of individuals and agency of communities
  - - - Rosenbloom (2016)'s study integrates the MLP and discourse theory to attend to the agential and political character of transitions.