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HYPERTENSION, Teuku Baihaqi Septiady
2108260075
SGD 14 - Coggle Diagram
HYPERTENSION
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Etiology & Risk Factor
Etiology
Primary hypertension is Hypertension of unknown cause (idiopathic). Reason which is not yet clear or known is often associated with unhealthy lifestyle factors. Primary hypertension is Hypertension is the most common, about 90% of cases hypertension
Secondary hypertension is hypertension caused by disease other, such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or use certain drugs
Risk Factor
Modifiable Risk Factors
- Overweight / obesity
- Smoke
- High fat and low fiber diet
- Dyslipidemia
- Excess salt sonsumption
- Lack of physical activity
- Stress
- Comsumption of alcohol
Irreversible Risk Factors
CMD
- Anamnesis
- Physical examination
- Supporting investigation
(could be routine blood tests, blood sugar, lipid profile, electrolytes, kidney function, examination of the heart record (electrocardiography/EKG) and chest x-ray.
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Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of hypertension involves the impairment of renal pressure natriuresis, the feedback system in which high blood pressure induces an increase in sodium and water excretion by the kidney that leads to a reduction of the blood pressure.
DD
Secondary hypertension, primer hypertension
Treatment
There have been two main approaches:
- Either instituting two or more drugs (usually an ACEi or an ARB along with thiazide diuretic and calcium channel blocker) simultaneously, or
- Stepwise titration approach with single therapy being up-titrated to maximum dosage before instituting a second drug.
All the societies recommend at least an 8 to 12-week duration of anti-hypertensive medication before assessing BP control and reviewing patient for complications.
Complication
- Impaired vision up to blindness
- Kidney illness
- Brain aneurysm
- Metabolic syndrome
- Strokes
- Peripheral arterial disease
- Vascular dementia
- Heart disease
Prognosis
The prognosis depends on blood pressure control and is favorable only if the blood pressures attain adequate control; however, complications may develop in some patients as hypertension is a progressive disease.
Adequate control and lifestyle measures only serve to delay the development and progression of sequelae such as chronic kidney disease and renal failure.
Education
- Weight management
- Physical activity
- Limiting alcohol/tobacco/smoking is a critical strategy to decrease cardiovascular risk.
EKG
An electrocardiogram — abbreviated as EKG or ECG — measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat. With each beat, an electrical impulse (or “wave”) travels through the heart. This electrical wave causes the muscle to squeeze and pump blood from the heart. A normal heartbeat on ECG will show the rate and rhythm of the contractions in the upper and lower chambers.
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