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Observations - Coggle Diagram
Observations
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Participant observation
must be involved & participate, verstehen
non-covert - join in e.g. be a police officer
covert - join in, but have no idea who you are, most valid research possible
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Practical
Challenges:
- getting in and getting out of locations
- accessing subcultures
- personal damages
- can't question people
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Theoretical
Challenges:
- Hawthorne effect (validity)
- cannot replicate
- representativeness, replicable, reliability, generalisability (no sample frame)
Strengths:
- ecologically valid
- can talk to people easier as you were honest
- detachment, so objectivity
Ethical
Challenges:
- confidentiality
- anonymity
Strengths:
- informed consent / post-hoc consent
- can guarantee confidentiality & anonymity
Practical
Challenges:
- access & gatekeepers (harder with honesty / non-covert)
Strengths:
- can question participants
Practical
Challenges:
- same as observation
- may need to train to fulfil the role (causes access issues even more)
- more time
- getting in / out access
Strengths:
- can question participants
Theoretical
Challenges:
- Hawthorne effect as know who you are
- objectivity, looking for what you want / encouraging certain behaviour
- less detachment, going native
- the R's
Strengths:
- full emersion & ethnographic research
- can be upfront and talk to people due to honesty, establish a Rapport
- verstehen by participation
- can question participants
- can be grounded theory
- highly valid, real world
Practical
Challenges:
- avoiding gatekeepers as sneaking in
- processing data
- can't question people
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Theoretical
Challenges:
- cannot replicate
- representativeness, replicable, reliability, generalisability (no sample frame)
Strengths:
- better validity as no Hawthorne effect
- objectivity, detachment
- may be grounded theory
Theoretical
Strengths:
- validity
- no Hawthorne effect
- no social desirability
- no impression management
- grounded theory more likely
- verstehen
Challenges:
- not standardised
- not replicable, reliability cannot be proven
- not picking sample from sample frame and can only observe 1 place at 1 time so unrepresentative
- lack of generalisability
- objectivity, lack of detachment so risk 'going native' (likely as part of their lives)
- the R's
- going native
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Ethical
Challenges:
- deception
- lack of consent
Ethical
Strengths:
- informed consent
- build Rapport / verstehen
attempting to see human behaviour as it happens, see what humans actually do
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