Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Ecology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Affects the rate of photosynthesis and growth in plants
        
        Affects the growth of animals that depend directly or indirectly on plants for food
    - - Affects the rate of enzyme reaction
        
        Affects metabolic rate and growth of organism
    - - Needed for aerobic respiration
        
        Releases energy for cell activities
    - - Affects water potential of a solution
    - - Organisms are sensitive to the pH of soil and water
        
        Affects the rate of reactions
        
        Drastic change in pH denatures enzymes
- - - - Species becomes endangered
    - - Soil exposed weather
        
        Soil dries up by sun
        
        Rain washes away the by heavy rain
      - Widespread flooding and damage
        
        Desertification
    - - Less trees to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
  - - - Population of fish stocks are reduced below the accepted level by fishing activites
    - - Large nets used to catch fish commercially
        
        Can threaten biodiversity by catching variety of species that are not marketable
    - - Damages coral reef
    - - Diminish ability of corals to regrow
  - - - Damaging to human health and ecosystem
  - - - A widespread outbreak of diseases that affect individuals in the same community
    - - Death of aquatic organisms
    - - Excessive use of fertilisers to produce more crop
        
        Causes eutrophication of water bodies
      - Minerals like nitrates and phosphates are washed away into water bodies
        
        Good source of nutrients for algae and water plants
        
        Promotes the rapid growth
        
        Algae and water plants form a thick layer at the surface preventing sunlight from penetrating
        
        Decomposition of submerged plants by aerobic bacteria further lowers the oxygen content in the water
  - - - Passed along food chains in increasing concentration in the bodies of organisms from one trophic level to another
        
        Consumers at the end of the food chain will consume and accumulate high levels of insecticides
        
        Bioaccumulation
    - - Increase in concentration of bioaccumulated toxic chemicals
        
        Moves up the higher trophic levels of a food chain
        
        E.g
        
        Plankton
        
        Producer
        
        0.04 ppm
        
        Herring
        
        Primary consumer
        
        0.92 ppm
        
        Catfish
        
        Secondary consumer
        
        1.40 ppm
        
        Otter
        
        Tertiary consumer
        
        2.35 ppm
- - - - Carbon cycle
    - - Provides favourable traits in the future generations
  - - - Process of removing unwanted and harmful substances from wastewater
      - Primary sedimentation tank
        
        Reclamation of plants
        
        Stored for several hours during which the suspended solids settle at the bottom
        
        Solid is collected at the bottom and undergoes further treatment as sludge
        
        Final settling tank
        
        Final treatment is carried out to increase the quality of the effluents before it is discharged into the sea
        
        Liquid sludge undergoes anaerobic conditions
        
        Converted into biogas to be used to generate electricity
  - - - Replanting of forests to replace trees that have been cutdown
    - - Only old and matured trees are cut down
  - - - Ban destructive fishing practices
        
        Increase awareness of detrimental effects of destructive fishing practices and educate them on alternative fishing methods
      - Marine Protected Areas
        
        Prevents the disruption of the ecosystem of damaged fish habitat and less fish
        
        Allows enforcement officers to patrol the area for illegal fishing practices
        
        Work together with the government from different countries to regulate the import and export of fish that are caught sustainably
- - - - When different populations of plants and animals live together and interact within the same environment
    - - Energy enters an ecosystem in the form of light and heat energy from the sun
      - Light energy is converted into chemical energy is passed from organism to organism through the ecosystem
      - Energy and nutrients flow through an ecosystem
        
        Producers
        
        Organisms that can make their own food through photosynthesis
        
        Primary
        
        Herbivores
        
        Secondary
        
        Carnvivores
        
        Tertiary
        
        Carnivores that feed on other carnivores
        
        Decomposers
        
        Feed on decaying matter
      - Food chain
        
        A series of organisms through which energy is transferred in the form of food
        
        1st trophic level( Producer) -> 2nd trophic level( Primary) -> 3rd trophic level( Secondary consumer)-> 4th trophic( Tertiary consumer)
        
        E.g
        
        Grass -> Rabbit -> Fox -> Cougar
        
        Food web
        
        A series of interelated food chains that gives an accurate feeding relationship in an ecosystem
        
        E.g
        
        https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-179d225e864d5e29c05baba85ccc0a33-lq
        
        Predator and prey relationship
        
        Increase in prey increases the supply for predator
        
        Predator population increase
        
        Prey population decreases
        
        Less food available for predator
        
        Predator population decreases
        
        Prey population increase
      - Ecological pyramid
        
        Expressed as quantitatively as pyramids of numbers, biomass or enery
        
        Pyramid of numbers
        
        Each level represents the number of orgnaisms at each trophic level
        
        Decrease in the number of organisms as the trophic level goes up
        
        https://moodle.beverleyhigh.net/pluginfile.php/7527/mod_resource/content/0/assets/images/ks4/pyramidn.gif
        
        Sometimes, the numbers on the pyramid can be inverted
        
        https://moodle.beverleyhigh.net/pluginfile.php/7527/mod_resource/content/0/assets/images/ks4/pyramidb.gif
        
        Pyramid of biomass
        
        Total mass of organisms in a population
        
        Constructed based on the dry mass of organisms in each trophic level
        
        The shape of a pyramid of biomass usually follows that of the pyramid of numbers
        
        Inverted pyramid of numbers, the shape of the pyramid of biomass can vary
        
        Higher trophic levels can be supported by a relatively larger lower trophic level
        
        Pyramid of energy
        
        As food is transferred from a lower trophic level to a higher one
        
        Energy is lost through heat, respiration, excretion, egestion and undigested matter
        
        https://haygot.s3.amazonaws.com/questions/1139358_991012_ans_d8094bdeb1e94e9481249eada939b4b1.jpg
        
        90% of energy is lost from one trophic level to the next
        
        Only 10% is passed from one trophic level to the next
    - - Conversion of inorganic carbon dioxide to organic carbon which is replenished back to the surroundings as carbon dioxide
      - Carbon is the main constituent of all organic molecules and it is essential for life
      - Processes where carbon dioxide is involved
        
        Photosynthesis
        
        Green plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis to manufacture food
        
        Respiration
        
        Breaking down carbon compounds and give out carbon dioxide
        
        Combustion
        
        Carbon compounds may be sealed as fossil fuels
        
        Combustion of fuels releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere
        
        Decomposition
        
        Breaking down dead organisms into simple organic and inorganic substances
        
        Carbon dioxide is one of the inorganic end products
        
        Decomposers respire and release carbon dioxide back into atmosphere