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When Work and Family Are Allies: A Theory of Work-Family Enrichment -…
When Work and Family Are Allies: A Theory of Work-Family Enrichment
Work-Family Enrichment: extent to which experiences in one role improve other role quality of life
Theoretical model of work-family enrichment
Affective path
Resources generated (Role A) -> High performance (Role A) -> positive affect (Role A ) [2] -> High performance (Role B) [3] -> Positive affect (Role B)
[7] Moderator: salience (Role B)
Helping behavior
Outward focus
Benevolence
Expansion of energy
Significant source of self-identity
Examples: caregiver confidence, positive mood
Instrumental path
Proposition [1] - Resources generated (Role A) -> High performance, positive affect (Role B)
Moderators
[6] Consistency of resource with requirements, norms of Role B
[4] Salience of Role B
[5] Perceived relevance of resource to Role B
Resources in Role A
asset drawn on when needed to solve problem or cope with challenging situation
role, personal characteristics determine extent to which role participation produces resources
Types of resources
flexibility
material resources
social-capital resources
psychological, physical resources
skills, perspectives
Role accumulation
Expansionist hypothesis (Multiple roles likely outweigh disadvantages)
Additive (role privileges) - enhance overall wellbeing
Buffer from distress (overall status security)
Compensate for failure in one role by falling back on another role's gratification
reduce overall wellbeing deteriorations
Work-family enrichment
transfer of positive experiences (energy, resource reinvestment, personalities enhancement)
bidirectional
Conflict perspective, scarcity hypothesis (Fixed time, energy -> conflict, stress -> quality of life -> well-being)
Prior research on work-family enrichment
Antecedents (self-report scales)
Average enrichment score generally substantially higher (9 out of 11)
Generally small correlations between enrichment, conflict
Parent, community, recreation / hobby groups
Positive spillover from work to family
Positive spillover from family to wokr
Positive relationships (work, family variables)
Implications for research
Impact of role, personal characteristics on resource generation
Impact of individual's dispositional characteristics on linkages in work-family enrichment model
Further investigation of gender role in work-family enrichment
Boundary-crossing perspective
Further investigation of gender role in work-family environment
Enrichment, conflict may interact to predict outcomes
R/s between work-family enrichment, conflict
Test validity of proposed model
Longitudinal design
Critical incident approach
Implications of organizational, family, community interventions on work-family enrichment
Influence of larger social, economic, political context on work-family interface
Concept of work-family enrichment may be extended to include work-life enrichment