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THE RESTORATION - Coggle Diagram
THE RESTORATION
REIGN OF ALFONSO XII
Alfonso XII was crowned king
Restoring the monarchical system
Constitution of 1876
Sovereignty
In hands of the parliament/king
Parliament
Formed by Congress and Senate
Three categories of senators
By law
By royal appointment
By election
Suffrage
Until 1890 censitary suffrage
Then -> universal manhood suffrage
Rights and freedoms
Many rights were declared (slow process)
Some freedoms restricted
Religion
Catholicism was the official religion
Others permittited, not in public
Turnismo
System introduced by Cánovas del Castillo
Conservative Party and the Liberal Party
Alternate their terms in power
TURNISMO
Corrupt alternation of parties in power
Conservative Party
By Cánovas del Castillo
Moderate politicians
Supported by the aristocracy
Liberal Party
Founded by Sagasta
Ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario
Supported by progressive/regionalist middle class
Election was
manipulated
In favour of the party that the king had chosen
Some parties could never govern
REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA
Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis
His second wife -> María Cristina became regent
Problem of popular representation
Regional problem
Colonial problem
Cuba made demands for independence
Cuban wars
Cuban independence fighters and Spanish
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United States intervened in the conflict
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Dfferent political movements emerged
Dissatisfied with centralism
Cataluña, the País Vasco and Galicia
Made proposals for descentralization
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Universal manhood suffrage in 1890
Still electoral fraud
Many citizens were not represented in Parliament
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
Spain’s population grew less than others
High death rates
Because of wars, famines and epidemics of diseases
Life expectancy was los -> 35 years
AGRICULTURAL CHANGES
Still inequality of land ownership
Caciquismo
Caciques were large landowners
Had armed followers who intimidated
Rigged elections through turnismo
LAVOUR MOVEMENT
Pablo Iglesias in 1879 founded PSOE
Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party
Changes to employment legislation
Protective laws on child labour
Recognition of trade union rights
Compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace
And
General Union of Workers
(UGT) in 1888
FINANCIAL CHANGES
For the economy to grow
Financial institutions were required
Banco de España
was founded
Government spending had increased
Because of the losts and wars
Spanish
tax system
was unfair
Penalised poorer people
