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descartes - substance dualism, problem with idea of substance coul -…
descartes - substance dualism
intro
descarte 1596- 1650. modern phiolophere of his time. attempt to establish orgiin of certainity in the world where dout undermined beliefes
books - discourse onmethod
key quoke - i think therefre i am "cognito ergon sum"
argument
PROOF 1 = ARGUMENT FROM DOUBT i think there for i a. thouht there may be a mallicios demond who is powerfull enough to make him doubt the existance of the world around us
i. i can doubt that my body exists
ii. but i cannnot doubt that i exist as i am thinking
doubt = form of thinking
iii. therefore because i am thinking i am not identical with my body
stength of argum,ent = weak. counsious mind = product of the brainwhich is part of the bodywithoit body there is no mind = no doubt
DISTINCTION OF MIND AND BODY. matter = extenden substance
mind = mental stubstance
arguing substance dualism
follows plato line of thinking
soul cannot exist withought the body
PROOF 2 = ARGUMENT FROM DIVISABILITY AND NON DIVISABILITY
i. our bodys are extendeen in space = divisable
ii. minds are not extended in spce = not divisable
iii. minds are therefore readically differet from the body
bodys extended in space = how we dinfine the body
state of mind is indivisable
state of mind = qualia= qualities of subjective consious experinece (smelling a rose)
whereas physical substances can be divided
issues - modern neroscience = close corrolation of midn and brain
PROOF 3 - ARGUMENT FROM CLEAR AND DISTINCT PERCEPTION
i. whatever i clearly and distinctively percive as 2 tings can be created as god as 2 differnt things
ii. i have a clear and distaict idea of myself as a non ectencede thinking thing
iii. i have a clear and distict idea of ,y body as an extended thinking thing
iiii. and my body can exist apart from each other
iv. i am distinct from my body
issue - strange looking argument, deduces existence of god from clear and distinct perceptions
then deduces the reliability of our perceptions from gods existence
argument = circular
AGENDA = RELIGION. " 2 topics god and the sout"ought to be given proof with phisophy...unbelivers...( need)2 truths provided to them by natural reason
CONCLUSION
MIND/SOUL - not extended into space,
not located in space,
no [arts to corrupt and decay
not suceptable to death
imortal
BODY - material substance ,
has extention in space
has [parts that corrut and decay
cannot surve death
mortal
problems with argument
GILBERT RYLE - GOHST IN THE MACHINE
book= concept of the mind
catogory mistake
someone visits uni sees labs labary canteen and says wheres the uni?
uni = all components seen above
uni describes all th compoments
same as mind is part of all the various parts of body = not seperate
SOUL VANNOT BE COUNTED - HUME
souls not in space and are invisable = how do we know the body just has 1
just an assumtion that there is 1
problem with idea of substance coul
LOGIC = THERE IS THINKING NOT THAT THERE IS "I" WHO THINKS. Descarte = i is above and over course of thinking
many philophers = self is an illusion - contruct of the minds differnct sences
self = flow of expericne NOT something that sits and looks at soul
NO substance self to do the lookng
IDEA SOLVES NOTHING HUME.
essay - immortality of the soul
.idea of substance is compleatly confused. to agre consious emerges from a non material substance = nothing soleves
we need to explain how a substance can thing
substance can think as souls exist as a rhinkog substance = circular argument
THINKING CANNOT TELL US WHAT IS ACTUALLY THE CASE. HUME
thoight may be material substance
thought has a phsyical material explantion