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Year 8 Science - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Heterotroph
      - Types of Animal Cells
        
        Muscle Cells
        
        Cells that can contract and relax to move
        
        Voluntary (Skeletal)
        
        These are the muscles that you can control, they make you move. Are quite strong.
        
        Involuntary (Smooth)
        
        These are the muscles you can’t control, they help with your breathing and moving food through your intestines. Generally weaker than Voluntary muscles.
        
        Cardiac
        
        This muscle is also involuntary but is as strong as Voluntary muscles and cannot get tired.
        
        Nerve Cells
        
        Send electric signals throughout your body
        
        Blood Cells
        
        Cells that move within your blood
        
        Red Blood Cells
        
        Carry oxygen to cells from your lungs, and carry carbon dioxide from cells to your lungs
        
        No nucleus
        
        Have a high surface area
        
        Contain large amounts of haemoglobin, a chemical that can absorb oxygen and carbon dioxide
        
        White Blood Cells
        
        Help fight bacteria and other infections
        
        Fat Cells
        
        Cells that store energy
    - - Autotroph
      - Chloroplasts are organelles that contain chlorophyll, absorb light for photosynthesis
      - Types of Plant Cells
        
        Photosynthetic Cells
        
        Green cells that absorb light for photosynthesis
        
        Structural Cells
        
        Cells that act like a plant's skeleton
        
        Root Hair Cells
        
        Long thin cells that absorb water from the soil
        
        Guard Cells
        
        Cells that open and close stomata in the leaves and stems of plants, absorb and release gases
        
        Transpiration is the name for plant's breathing
        
        Conducting Cells
        
        Cells that help plants move food and water around
      - Special Features
        
        Chloroplasts are organelles that contain chlorophyll, absorb light for photosynthesis
        
        Plant cells contain a cell wall, makes them more sturdy
  - - - Stores nutrients, water, vitamins, and proteins
    - - Produces energy for the cell using respiration
    - - Brain of the cell, contains all the DNA
    - - Breaks down and removes waste from the cell
    - - Forms pathways for materials to move quickly around the cell
    - - Outer wall that keeps all the parts of the cell within it
- - - - Air travels through your trachea (windpipe)
        
        The trachea is supported by cartilage rings
        
        Then through the two bronchi, one for each lung
        
        One bronchi is called a bronchus, just like octopus and octopi
        
        Then through the bronchioles
        
        These are smaller tubes that branch off from the two bronchi
        
        Then into the alveoli
        
        Your alveoli are little air sacs with lots of capillaries. Deoxygenated blood is pumped past them, causing the carbon dioxide to move into the alveoli, and oxygen from the alveoli to move into the blood
        
        The gases can move between the blood and the alveoli due to diffusion
        
        Pulmonary Vein
        
        1 more item...
        
        These can be damaged by cigarette smoke or vaping, causing a disease called emphysema
        
        One alveoli is called an alveolus
        
        Asthma is a disease where the muscles in your trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles contract due to a trigger. As the airways contract, the person can no longer breathe
  - - - The right side pumps deoxygenated blood from your veins to your lungs
        
        Right Atrium
        
        Mitral Valve
        
        Right Ventricle
        
        Aortic Valve
        
        Aorta and the Rest of the Body
      - The left side pumps oxygenated blood from your lungs to the rest of your body
        
        Left Atrium
        
        Tricuspid Valve
        
        Left Ventricle
        
        Pulmonary Valve
        
        Pulmonary Arteries
        
        1 more item...
    - - Arteries are blood vessels that go from your heart
        
        Normally carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery)
        
        Have thick walls to help withstand the higher blood pressure from the heart
      - Veins are blood vessels that go towards your heart
        
        Veins contain valves that prevent blood going backwards
        
        Normally carry deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary vein)
        
        Have thinner walls as the pressure is not as high going back towards your heart
      - Capillaries are little blood vessels that connect cells to your arteries and veins
        
        Bruises are caused by burst capillaries
        
        Every cell in your body is connected by a capillary
    - - Pulmonary Circulation:
        This is the movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again
      - Coronary Circulation:
        This is the movement of blood within the tissues of the heart
      - Systemic Circulation:
        This is the movement of blood around the rest of your body that supplies nutrition and oxygen to all of your cells
    - - Red and White Blood Cells
      - Plasma is the liquid that makes up most of blood
      - Platelets are special cells that clog up cuts in your skin to prevent you losing blood