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Re-Interpretation of Stories (Psychodynamic) - Coggle Diagram
Re-Interpretation of Stories (Psychodynamic)
Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud
There are two drives that motivate behaviour: Sex drive and Death drive (aggression)
Internal structure
Id: Pleasure principle; immediate gratification
Ego: Reality principle; re-direct id's impulses to more socially-acceptable behaviour.
Resolves internal conflicts
Superego: Morality principle; forms conscience
There will be conflict between the three parts. The ego must solve internal conflicts
Compromise formation
: Ego executes the compromise between the id and superego
Pleasure-seeking person dominated by the id
Guilt-ridden person dominated by the superego
Psychologically-healthy person dominated by ego
Techniques
Dream analysis and interpretation, free association (just talk), Rorschach inkblot test
Defences and lapses: Undesirable thoughts and desires from the unconscious mind may surface up to the conscious mind due to the weakening of the ego's control --> the person may think of something that he does not comprehend, say something that he did not mean to say, or do something that's unacceptable
Freudian slips: Verbal mistakes that can reveal unconscious beliefs, desires, and emotions
Personality development: How life energy becomes invested and redirected during growing-up years
Theory of psychosexual development
Oral stage (dependency)
Birth - 18 months: Mouth, lips, and tongue
Fixation results in oral-related behaviours (e.g. smoking, etc.)
Anal stage (autonomy)
18 months - 3 years: Pleasure from expelling feces and retaining them (toilet training)
Fixation results in disorganisation under stress
Too little autonomy: Sloppy and impulsive, defiant
Too much autonomy: Overly uptight and compulsive, submissive
Phallic stage (identification)
3 - 7 years: Boy and girls discover that they are different
Sexual awakening: Boys will desire their mothers and girls their fathers (this is kinda messed up) --> Oedipal and Electra
Identification: Taking on the attitudes, morals, values of the parents that child identifies with
Sum of identification makes superego
Underdeveloped: No moral code
Overdeveloped: Rigid and cannot stand grey areas
Latency stage: Other aspects of learning
Genital stage (maturity)
Puberty onwards: Reproduction and contribution to society
Critique: Untestable, case study method (subjective interpretation), excessive complexity, sexist
Strengths: Influential theory, asked interesting questions, original ideas reinterpreted, influenced scientific investigations of topics (e.g. unconsciousness, etc.)
Carl Jung's Ideas: Myths express characters and stories that are encoded into the human species and express universal concerns. Basic ideas about the world are repeated across time and cultures
Erikson's psychosocial development
Preschool: Initiative vs Guilt
School age: Industry vs Inferiority
Adolescence: Identity vs Role confusion
Early childhood: Autonomy vs Shame and doubt
Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation
Infancy: Trust vs mistrust
Middle adulthood: Generosity vs Stagnation
Maturity: Ego integrity vs Despair
Marcia's Identity Statuses: Exploration + Commitment (identity formation in adolescence)
Low exploration + Low commitment: Identity diffusion --> I don't know and I don't care
Low exploration + High commitment: Foreclosure --> Conform to others' expectations; I made a decision without thinking
High exploration + High commitment: Identity achievement --> Best scenario; I thought about it and I know what to do with my life
High exploration + Low commitment: Moratorium --> Thinking about what I'm supposed to do
Narratives: One's identity is derived from the capacity to keep a particular narrative going
Life stories and narratives (internalised and evolving life stories) provide a person's life with identity by reconstructing the past and envisioning the future and helps one to make sense of who they are
Redemptive narrative: Negative experiences are turning into positive lessons from which one derives meaning
Turning point narrative: Episodes in which someone undergoes a substantial change
Meaning-making for young adults at 23 in emergent adulthood
More meaning-making associated with higher maturity and less identity diffusion and identity foreclosure
Benefits of writing: Improved mental health, enhanced relationship stability
Writing (more structured) > thinking (more disorganised and leads to rumination)
Couples who wrote about their relationship were more likely to still be dating three months later (expressive writing makes interactions more positive and enhances relationship stability)
Identity is an integrated sense of self that defines who you are as a whole person
Parts of a narrative
Narrative tone: Emotional tone
Imagery: To convey unique qualities about life
Themes: goal-directed sequences that individual pursues; tells the audience the individual's motivation
Nuclear episodes: Points that stand out from the story
Ending: Provide an overall sense of integrity and purpose in life over time
Growth features in narratives positively associated with psychosocial adjustment, identity development, negatively related to mental health symptoms