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Biochemistry, Carbohydrates, Proteins
Proteins are very diverse and are…
Biochemistry
Structure
Atoms
Atoms are the building blocks of Molecules, and determine the properties of them.
Atom Structure
The Nucleus
Neutrons
The smallest possible unit of neutral charge. The neutron is present within the nucleus and contributes roughly one half of the atom's mass, the other half being from the proton
Proton
The smallest possible unit of positive charge. The proton is present within the nucleus and contributes roughly one half of the atom's mass, the other half being from the neutron
Electrons
The smallest possible unit of negative charge. Involved with bonding. Electrons fly around the nucleus and move randomly. Electrons are particularly important when it comes to intramolecular bonding
Molecules
Molecules consist of atoms bonded together, and can be many different kinds of bio molecules such as carbohydrates
Monomer
Monomers are molecules that make up other molecules. In other words, they are the fundamental building blocks for all biological structures.
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Isomers
monomers that have the same chemical formula, that is that that they consist of the same molecules, but are arranged differently.
Stereoisomers
isomers that have the same chemical formula, and are arranged differently, but they differ in arrangement by their orientation. For example
Structure
Structural Processes
Hydrolysis Reaction
the process in which bonds are being destroyed usually through the addition of water.
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Condensation Synthesis
The process in which in which bonds are formed between molecules excreting something, usually water
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Intramolecular bonding
The bonding that takes place between atoms to form molecules. There are several kinds of bonds that determine the polarity of the molecule, and more importantly, how it will behave when it is in contact with water.
Electronegativity
the likelihood that atoms are attracted to one another. The electronegativity defines if a molecule is polar or not, which is important for biological structure and processes
Polarity
In the context of biochemistry, polarity determines how a substance will interact with water. Since like attracts like and water is a polar molecule, that means that if a molecule is polar then it will be free in water. The converse is also true.
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Amphipathic
When a molecule has both polar and nonpolar parts, it is consider to be amphipathic. Since like attracts like, this molecule will be both attracted and disguted by water
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Covalent Bond
Bonds between two atoms in which the electronegativity is less than 0.4. These bonds partake in london disperson forces only.
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Intermolecular Forces
Forces that are present between molecules themselves. This determins things like the boiling points of a molecule or how strong they are bonded together
Van Der Waals Forces
Forces of attraction between molecules in general. All molecules have van der waals forces
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Dipole-Dipole Forces
Strong intermolecular forces that are formed when there is an instentaneous dipole moment, or when the bonds are polar.
Hydrogen Bonding
Stronger form of a dipole dipole force that are formed when there is a hydrogen bond with a very electronegative atom.
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Carbohydrates
Structure
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Saccharides
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Polysaccharides
Contains several hundred to several thousand monosaccharide that are bonded together by glycosidic linkages
Starch
Composed of amylose with alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds as well as amylopectin with alpha 1-6 bonds.
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Oligosaccharides
Contain three to twenty monosaccharides that are bonded together through a glycosidic linkage
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Functional Groups of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates usually contain a carbohyl group and carboxyl groups.
Glycosidic Bonds
Bonds between carbohydrates are called glycosidic bonds. They are formed through the condensation reaction and broken apart by the hydrolysis reaction
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Proteins
Proteins are very diverse and are applied in a wide variety of circumstances. On their own, they create larger structures.
Structure
Primary Structure
The primary structure is important because it ultimately determines the shape and function of the protein. The primary structure consists of amino acids.
Amino Acids
There are twenty different kinds of amino acids that is made up of a central amino group and a carboxyl group. What differs between the amino acids is their side chain. The side chain determines if the molecule will become non polar, polar, charged or uncharged.
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Side Chain
There are many kinds of side chains for amino acids. these side chains determine the polarity and the properties of the amino acid
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Peptides
Peptides are the bonds between amino acids. These can be broken through hydrolysis and can be created through condensation
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Essential Amino Acids
There are ten essential amino acids that the human body cannot go without. The human body can synthesize some, but must get the rest from foods
Secondary Structure
The secondary structure is made up of primary structure proteins. These will begin to form shapes like alpha helixes or beta pleated sheets.
Alpha Helix
Some examples are hair proteins
Alpha helixes form due to the prsence of hydrogen bonds
Beta Pleated sheet
An example is silk which contains many beta sheets
Tertiary Structure
The tertiary structure is made up of smaller secondary structures.The tertiary structure may contain a mixture of alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets. The shape of the tertiary structure has to do with the properties of it.
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Cells
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Processes
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Solutions
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Primary active transport
Characterized by the consumption of energy, this can selectively allow certain substances to enter and exit the cell
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