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The Restoration and Gradual Modernisation of Spain, image, image, image,…
The Restoration and Gradual Modernisation of Spain
The Reign of Alfonso XII: Stability of the Regime
Alfonso XII was crowned king restoring the monarchical system
Two political elements made the regime stable:
Constitution of 1876
Rights and freedoms
Freedom of expression, association and assembly were often restricted
Religion
Catholicism was the official religion
Suffrage
Until 1890, censitary suffrage was in place
Parliament
It was formed by an elected Congress and Senate
Sovereignty
It was in the hands of the parliament and king
Turnismo
The two main parties, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, agreed to alternate their terms in power
The election was manipulated in favour of the party that the king had chosen to form a government
Types of parties
The Conservative Party
Founded by Cánovas del Castillo
It was supported by the aristocracy, the wealthiest bourgeoisie and the traditional middle classes
The Liberal Party
Founded by Sagasta
Its supporters were members of the progressive and regionalist middle class
The Regency of Maria Cristina:
Crisis of the political system
The problem of popular
representation
Although universal manhood suffrage was introduced in 1890, there was still electoral fraud
The regional problem
Different political movements emerged that were dissatisfied with the uniform centralism
Certain sectors of the Catalan and Basque nationalist movements began to state proposals
Catalan nationalism
Catalan nationalists wanted Cataluña to be recognised as a nation and to play an active role in Spanish politics
Basque nationalism
Basque nationalism had no Spanish dimension. Basque nationalists wanted Basque national sovereignty
The colonial problem
Cuba made constant demands for greater political and commercial autonomy
There were also uprisings in the Philippines
The Disaster of 1898 and triggered a national crisis in Spain
The income that the colonies provided was also lost
Regenerationism
Regenerationism was a movement that sought to regenerate Spain’s socio-political situation
The movement’s priorities were reflected in its slogan: ‘school and larder’
One of its greatest supporters was Joaquín Costa
Gradual economic
modernisation in Spain
Demographic changes and
their economic repercussions
Spain’s population grew less than those of other European countries
This limited growth was the result of continued disaster-related high death rates
Caciquismo
Caciques were large landowners
They had a large social influence because they controlled employment contracts and municipal jobs
They often had armed followers who intimidated the population
They rigged elections through turnismo
Financial changes
The Banco de España was founded, and many credit associations were established
Spain needed foreign capital because it did not have enough of its own financial resources
Government spending had increased because of the Carlist Wars and Cuban independence
The Spanish tax system was unfair, penalising poorer people
The Labour Movement
The Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association was created,
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) was founded in Madrid by the printer Pablo Iglesias
He also helped found the socialist General Union of Workers
