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06 THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN - Coggle Diagram
06 THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
The regin of Alfonso XII: stability of the regime
The Bourbon Restoration = bourbon dynasty returned to the Spanish throne
Alfonso XII was crowned king
end of the First Republic
restoration of the monarchical system
Two political elements made the regime stable
the Constitution of 1876
it combined moderate elements with advanced elements of the democratic liberalism of 1869
Suffrage
It was not regulated by the constitution
governments were allowed to choose the system used
until 1890
censitary suffrage was in place
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Rights and freedoms
Many rights were declared, but it was a slow process
Freedom of expression, association (political parties and trade unions) and assembly were often restricted.
Parliament
was formed by an elected Congress and Senate
The Senate was formed by three categories of senators
right
royal appointment
elected
Religion
Catholicism was the official religion
other religions were permitted, public expressions of those religions were prohibited.
Sovereignty
It was in the hands of the parliament and king
Turnismo
a system introduced by conservative politician Cánovas del Castillo
The two main parties ( Conservative and Liberal ), agreed to alternate their terms in power
aim: avoid military uprisings like the ones that took place during Isabel II’s reign
Turnismo
based on the corrupt alternation of parties in power
First, the government or king decided whose turn it was to govern
the selected party formed a new government and called general elections, which they then won
Electoral manipulation was used to win elections ( the results were altered)
turnismo falsified the normal functioning of the parliamentary system
It is usually not known who is going to govern until an election is held, but during the Restoration this principle was reversed
the manipulation of the king
had a negative impact on the regime, It went into crisis at the end of the 19th century
because ordinary people and part of the middle classes were politically marginalised
Conservative Party, founded by Cánovas del Castillo
group of moderate politicians
supported by the aristocracy, wealthiest bourgeoisie and traditional middle classes
The Liberal Party, founded by Sagasta
inherited the ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario
supporters were members of the progressive and regionalist middle class
Other political parties during the Restoration included
the Republican Party
the Spanish Socialist Workers party
the Basque Nationalist Party
the Regionalist League of Cataluña
Because the elections were rigged through turnismo, these parties won some seats, but were never given the opportunity to govern.
The Regency of Maria Cristina : crisis of the political system
November 1885
Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis
His second wife, María Cristina, became the regent
She was pregnant with the future king, Alfonso XIII
During the regency, the political regime began to show signs of crisis
The regional problem
19th century
different political movements emerged dissatisfied with the uniform centralism of moderate liberalism
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The colonial problem
last decades of the 19th century
Cuba
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The problem of popular representation
Although universal manhood suffrage was introduced , there was still electoral fraud
differences between official Spain (the Parliament) and real Spain became more pronounced
because many citizens were not represented in Parliament.
Regenerationism
movement that sought to regenerate Spain’s socio-political situation by eliminating electoral fraud
promoting reform in the education system, amongst other measures
One of its greatest supporters was Joaquín Costa (1846–1911).
Gradual econmic modernisation in spain
Although Spain was a mainly agricultural country in the 19th century
its partial industrialisation and the gradual construction of a railway network contributed to other transformations at the end of the century
led to modest but constant economic modernisation.
Demographic changes and their economic repercussions
Spain’s population grew less than those of other European countries during the 19th century
result of continued disaster-related high death rates, because of wars, famines and epidemics of diseases such as( smallpox, measles, yellow fever, malaria and cholera)
life expectancy was very low, just 35 years in 1900
population desity in 1877
Working population
19 th century, most of the working population, about 65% was employed in the primary sector
low level of industrialisation
industrial development was beginning in regions such as Cataluña.
By the end of the 19th century, 46% of the Catalan population was working in the secondary sector
27% remained in rural areas
Migration
Because of rural poverty, many Spaniards emigrated to America
there was a rural exodus in Spain
Peasants migrated to areas where industrialisation had begun, such as the País Vasco and Cataluña (as well as administrative centres,Madrid and some provincial capitals)
they did not always find work in the cities
Internal market
There was only a moderate increase in national demand
the internal market was not strong enough to encourage more powerful industrialisation
As the Agricultural Revolution had not yet taken place
most people continued to work in agriculture that was generally not very productive
so there were not enough workers for industry.
Agricultural changes
Agriculture was the most important sector of the Spanish economy during the 19th century
During Isabel II’s reign, traditional production of cereals, the most important crops, remained the same with little modernisation
olive, grape and citrus fruit farming methods in Levante and Ebro Valley were modernised, especially during the Restoration
Production increased thanks to exportation
inequality of land ownership
On the Cantabrian coast there were a large number of smallholders
Submeseta Norte and in Aragón and Cataluña there were mainly small and medium landowners
the southern half of Spain, large estates often belonged to the aristocracy and the wealthiest bourgeoisie
The confiscated lands of the Catholic Church were acquired by the wealthiest people during the desamortizaciones
they increased their economic power
Caciquismo
Caciquismo developed in rural Spain in the 19th century
Caciques were large landowners
they had a large social influence because they controlled employment contracts and municipal jobs
often had armed followers who intimidated the population
they rigged elections through turnismo, so that the results were favourable to their interests
Financial changes
In order for the economy to grow, financial institutions that could provide capital and loans to businesses, such as banks and credit institutions, were required
1865
Banco de España was founded
many credit associations were established
Most of these were founded using foreign capital
Spain needed foreign capital because it did not have enough of its own financial resources
Large investments in industry and the railway network could be made thanks to these organisations.
Government spending had increased because of the Carlist Wars and Cuban independence.
the main problem was that little tax was collected and the Spanish tax system was unfair, penalising poorer people.
throughout the 19th century laws passed to standrise weights, mesaurments and coins
essential for the development of the national market.
The peseta became Spain’s official national currency in 1868
already being used in Cataluña
peseta continued to be used in Spain until the euro was introduced in 2002.
The labour movement
The freedom of association included in the Constitution of 1869
allowed the labour movement to develop in Spain
1873
the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association was created
1879.
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE), a Marxist party, was founded in Madrid by the printer Pablo Iglesias in
He also helped found the socialist General Union of Workers (UGT) in 1888.
last quarter of the 19th century
wages increased slightly, but the main achievements by the labour movement were changes to employment legislation
protective laws on child labour (1873)
recognition of trade union rights (1887)
compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace (1900).
