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patterns and trends in crime - Coggle Diagram
patterns and trends in crime
class
offending
Sutherland (1949) = 'criminal statistics' show that crime has a high incidence in lower socio-economic class
Social Exclusion Report (2002) = many prisoners have a history of social exlusion -> associated with growing up in poverty
5% unemployment rate in wider population, 67% unemployment rate in prison population
0.9% wider population are homeless, 32% of prison population have been homeless
William (2012) = factors (ran away from home, deviant and truant school, alcohol and drug use) are more common with the prison population
victimisation
British Crime Survey (2010) = young households, unemployed and lone parent homes are twice as likely to be victims to burglary
British Crime Survey (2010) = Unemployed are 2x more likely to be victim to a violent crime
Young (1988) = 'myth of equal victimisation' - the poor are hit much harder when they become a victim of crime
Merseyside crime survey (1984) = victim of burglary, lower class will be worse off financially
gender
offending
Police recorded crime firgures : males commit around 80% of all recorded offences
Ministry of justice : females accounted for 18% of all arrests in 2013
Official crime statistics : peak offending age for girls is 15, boys is 18
victimisation
CSEW shows that fewer females are victims of crime than men
higher proportion of men are victims to violent crime, more women are victim to sexual offences
women are 7x more likely to be victim to sexual assult
Stanko (2000) over a 24hr period, an incident of domestic violence was reported every second, very few led to arrests
man account for 7/10 of all homocides , men are more likely to be killed by a stranger, women are most likely to be killed by a partner or husband (2 woemen are killed by partner / week)
age
offending
those aged 10-17 make up 10% of the population, yet account for 23% of police recorded crime
juvenile offenders are more likely than adult offenders to receive a caution rather than a conviction
Soothill (2004) = peak age of burglary is 16, peak age of drug use is 25. Different crimes have different peak ages
vicitimisation
elderly are more likely to fear crime, despite youth more likely to be victims of crime
Islington Crime Survey (1988) = although elderly are less likely to be a victim of crime, when they are, they are more likely to be injured and have a greater affect on their lives
only since 2009 have those aged under 16 been asked about their experience with crime (CSEW)
CSEW (2014) found that 12% of those aged 10-15 have been a victim of violent crime
ethnicity
offending
Ministry of Justice data = black people were stopped and searched 7x more than white people
Black people account for 3% of the population but make up 15% of all stop and searches
Black people were arrested 3x more than white people in 2010
victimisation
CSEW (2012/13) = adults from an ethnic minority background are more at risk of being a victim of personal crimes compared to white people
Home Office (2005) = black people are 5x more likely to be murdered than a white counterpartner
Intra-racial crime (black on black crime more likely than ethnicially driven crime)
green crime
Green crime is crime that affects the environment : dumping toxic waste, poaching, fly-tipping
'green criminologists' also focus on legal actions that are damaging to the environment : deforestation, fishing
Franko Aas (2007) = like organised crime, green crime points out the intersection between local and global - local environmental harm has an impact globally (oil spill)
Marxists argue that capitalists get away with commiting green crimes as they are the ones who defined the law
should be measured in terms of harm, not what those in power have defined as criminal
harm to environment and humans - poor drinking water, dumping of toxic waste
Potter (2004) the poorest members of society have to suffer the consequence of the richest actions
primary green crime
s = crimes that cause harm on the environment
examples :
deforestation
air pollution
dumping of toxic waste
secondary green crimes
= crime that comes from trying to cover up/regulate environmental disasters
examples :
state violence against oppositional groups (Raindow Warrior bombed sunk - protest about stopping nuclear weapon testing in the pacific)
using criminal organisations to help dump toxic waste
global crime
global crime transcends national borders and police forces : it is therefore difficult to investigate and punish. - due to border issues, different laws
crime committed for a financial or other material benefit
United Nations (2009) stated that transnational organised crime is estimated to be an £870 billion buisness
this is 10% of global GDP
examples = drug trafficking, money laundering, human traficking
Pablo Escobar , 'King of Cocaine' became the 7th richest man in the world and was estimated to be behind 80% of cocaine shipped to the US
Italian Maia , estimated to have made £20 billion revenue from illegal activities
Castells (2000) = organised crime groups like buisness networks
They take the opportunity to link w/ criminal groups in other countries to max profits
They may base management in low-risk areas and target their markets in more affluent areas
Robertson (1995) = 'glocalisation'
The intertwining of global and local, how local conditions impact global produce and profits