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06 THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN, image, image,…
06 THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
1 THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII: STABILITY OF THE REGIME
Two political elements made the regime stable: the Constitution of 1876 and turnismo.
The Constitution of 1876
Sovereignty. It was in the hands of the parliament and king.
Parliament. It was formed by an elected Congress and Senate
Suffrage. It was not regulated by the constitution and the governments were allowed to choose the system used
Rights and freedoms. Many rights were declared, but it was a slow process
Religion. Catholicism was the official religion
Turnismo. It was a system introduced by conservative politician Cánovas del Castillo
The Conservative Party was a group of moderate politicians
The Liberal Party inherited the ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario
The election was manipulated in favour of the King
The elections were rigged through turnismo
2 THE REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA: CRISIS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
During the regency, the political regime began to show signs of crisis.
The problem of popular representation.
universal manhood suffrage was introduced
The regional problem
Catalan nationalism.
Basque nationalism
The colonial problem
Cuba made constant demands for greater political and commercial autonomy
Treaty of Paris: It was a war that ended the independence of United states
The events that were at that moment became known as the Disaster of 1898
REGENERATIONISM
Regenerationism was a movement that sought to regenerate Spain’s socio-political situation
One of its greatest supporters was Joaquín Costa (1846–1911).
3 GRADUAL ECONOMIC MODERNISATION IN SPAIN
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND THEIR ECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS
Spain’s population grew less than those of other European countries
continued disaster-related high death rates
SPANISH POPULATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY
life expectancy was very low, just 35 years in 1900
POPULATION DENSITY (1877)
WORKING POPULATION
In the 19th century the working population was about 65% .
By the end of the 19th century only the 46% of the catalan population was working
MIGRATION
Because of rural poverty, many Spaniards emigrated to America
At the same time, there was a rural exodus in Spain
INTERNAL MARKET
Internal market was not strong enough to encourage more powerful industrialisation
AGRICULTURAL CHANGES
Agriculture was the most important sector of the Spanish economy
Production increased thanks to exportation.
There was still inequality of land ownership
The confiscated lands of the Catholic Church were acquired by the wealthiest people
CACIQUISMO
Caciquismo developed in rural Spain in the 19th century
Caciques were large landowners
They often had armed followers who intimidated the population.
FINANCIAL CHANGES
In 1865, the Banco de España was founded.
Tax system was unfair, penalising poorer people.
SOCIAL CHANGES
Ruling high class
This class consisted of the richest members of society
Middle class
Upper middle class
Lower middle class
Working class
Rural working class
Urban working class
THE LABOUR MOVEMENT
The Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association was created
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party, was founded in Madrid
He also helped found the socialist General Union of Workers
