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Natalia Hernandez P.2 Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Includes: phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory responses, antimicrobial proteins, complement proteins, fever
        
        Complement Proteins: blood-borne proteins that cause death of microorganisms by bursting
        
        example of when second needed: pathogens able to get past the first line of defense, for example, through a cut in skin, an infection develops
        
        more on inflammatory response: triggered from injury to body tissues; prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris & pathogens, alerts adaptive, sets stage for repair; signs are redness, heat, swelling, pain; stages are chemical release (histamine), vasodilation & increased vascular permeability, phagocyte mobilization
        
        Antimicrobial proteins - interferons include alpha, beta (antiviral effect, activate NK cells), gamma (activate macrophages)
  - - - needed as a last resort with cells that are already infected: bacteria/virus infected cells, cancerous cells, foreign cells
  - - - Skin & mucous membranes produce protective chemicals: Acid (inhibits growth), enzymes (saliva, respiratory mucus, lacrimal fluid, stomach, kill microoragnisms), mucin (lines digestive & respiratory tract, traps microoranisms)
- - - - Tonsils: around pharynx; include palatine tonsils (oral cavity), lingual tonsils (base of tongue), pharyngeal tonsil (nasopharynx), tubal tonsils (auditory tubes)
      - Peyer's Patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules): lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine
      - Appendix: a thin tube that is joined to the large intestine on right side
- - - - CD8 Cells (naive) become:
        
        Cytotoxic cells (Tc)
        
        Memory T cells
      - CD4 Cells (naive) become:
        
        Helper T cells
        
        Regulatory T cells
        
        Memory T cells
      - How T cells activated
        
        1. Antigen-binding: T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) bind to antigen-MHC complex on APC surface
        
        2. Co-stimulation: T cell binds to one or more co-stimulatory signals on surface of APC
- - - - Can be complete or incomplete (hapten)
      - Contain antigentic determinants, which is what antibodies recognize (puzzle-piece)
      - Can be self-antigen: cell covered with variety of proteins that are not antigentic to self, but may be antigentic to others in transfusions or grafts
        
        MHC proteins (major histocompatibility complex): set of self-antigens that play a role in recognition of "self" and "nonself" cells by the immune system; unique of each individual
  - - - Neutralization: inactivation; when antibodies block sites for pathogen attachment
      - Agglutination: inactivation; process of clumping of antigens with their respective antibodies.
      - Precipitation: inactivation; soluble complexes cross-linked into complexes, complexes precipitate out of solution, which are easier for phagocytes to engulf
      - Complement: triggers main defense; several antibodies bound close together on same antigen,
        complement-binding sites on their stem regions are aligned
- - - - activation in secondary lymphoid organ, contact w/ antigen (surface receptors) triggers differentiation & then proliferation (clonal selection) into active cell; become effector cells (fight infections) or memory cells
        
        Plasma cells: antibody-secreting effector cells
        
        Antibodies: tags antigens to mark them for destruction
        
        Memory cells
    - - activated when T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) bind to antigen-MHC complex & one or more co-stimulatory signals on APC surface; binding signals multiple intracellular signaling pathways that start T cell activation then proliferation & differentiation
        
        CD4 naive T cells
        
        Helper T cells: activate B cells, other T cells, macrophages for direct adaptive immune response; also secrete cytokines (chemical messengers of immune for development, differentiation, response; includes interferons & interleukins, IL-1--->IL-2 = cause T cell division)
        
        Regulatory T cells: moderate immune response, are a suppressor of sorts so that autoimmune response does not occur
        
        Memory T cells: have immunological memory, meaning that after first ecounter, cell will remember antigen and mount even stronger & effective response
        
        CD8 naive T cells
        
        Cytotoxic cells (Tc): destroy cells harboring foreign antigens; releases perforins and granzymes which stimulates apoptosis & binds specific membrane receptor on target cell, also triggering apoptosis
        
        Memory cells