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Head injury - Coggle Diagram
Head injury
pharmacology
Diuretics to drain excess CSF
Anticonvulsants to prevent seizure
Magnesium to improve blood flow to brain
IV fluid to maintain cerebral perfusion
Clinical Manifestations
fracture
increase ICP
Infants
Tense, bulging fontanel
Drowsiness
Poor feeding
Crying
Children
Headache
Nausea
Forceful Vomiting
Seizures
Lethargy
Late signs in both
Bradycardia
Decreased motor responses to command then painful stimuli
Alterations in pupil size/reactivity
Posturing
Papilledema
Decreased LOC
Coma
complications
hematoma
cognitive impairment
seizure
hydrocephalus
CSF leakagee
cranial nerve injuries
swelling, headache, sensitivity to noise and light, confusion, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, blurred vision, etc
Nursing Interventions
Maintain airway and ventilation
Seizure precautions
Evaluate and monitor for increased ICP
Monitor LOC
expected outcomes
The patient will be free of seizures and other complications
Patient will have normal ICP
No decrease in level of consciousness
Patient is free from cognitive and learning impariment
Patho
Concussions
Shearing forces in central brainstem
Sports
Contusion and larcerations
Bruising and tearing of cerebral tissue
Accidents, skull fractures
Fractures
Direct injury to skull
Falls
pt safety
breathing/ lung function test
swallow study
bed alarm, limited physical activity, lifting restraint
lab and diagnostic test
imaging: head CT, MRI
CBC - bleeding
blood chemistry
blood level of UCH-L1 and GFAP (prot that brain lease into blood after a brain injury)
teaching pt
monitor for change in mental status/ vision/ balance/ speech - potential clot/ stroke/ intracranial bleeding
prevention: seat belt, bicycle hamlet, protective gear with contact sports, etc