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THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN, image, image,…
THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII: STABILITY OF THE REGIME
Constitution of 1876
Sovereignty
In the hands of
The parliament and king
Parliament
Formed by an elected
Congress
Senate
Formed by three categories of senators
By right
By royal appointment
Elected
Suffrage
Not regulated
By the constitution
The governments
Were allowed to choose
The system used
Censitary suffrage until 1890
Universal manhood suffrage
Rights and freedoms
Many rights were declared
A slow process
Often restricted
Freedom of expression
Association
Political parties
Trade unions
Assembly
Religion
Catholicism
Other religions were permitted
Public expressions
Were prohibited
Turnismo
A system introduced
By Cánovas del Castillo
Two main parties
The Conservative Party
The Liberal Party
Agreed to alternate
Their terms in power
To avoid military uprisings
The corrupt alternation
Of parties in power
The government or king
Decided whose turn
It was to govern
The selected party
Formed a new government
Called general elections
Which they won
Electoral manipulation
Was used to win
The results were altered
The Conservative Party
Cánovas del Castillo
Moderate politicians
The Liberal Party
Sagasta
Inherited the Sexenio Revolucionario
Other political parties
Basque Nationalist Party
Won some seats
But never given the opportunity
To govern
THE REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA: CRISIS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
Alfonso XII died
María Cristina
Became the regent
Began to show signs of crisis
Pregnant with the future king
Alfonso XIII
Problem of popular representation
Universal manhood suffrage
Still electoral fraud
Differences between
Official Spain
The Parliament
Real Spain
Citizens
Regional problem
Different political movements emerged
Dissatisfied with the uniform centralism
Of moderate liberalism
Demanded regional identity
Aragón, Valencia, Navarra, Asturias and Andalucía
Cataluña, the País Vasco and Galicia
Nationalist movements
Catalan nationalism
Newspapers in Catalan
Regionalist League of Cataluña
Wanted Cataluña
To be recognised
As a nation
To play an active role
In Spanish politics
Basque nationalism
Sabino Arana
Founded the Basque Nationalist Party
No Spanish dimension
Wanted Basque national sovereignty
Colonial problem
Cuba
Made constant demands
For greater political and commercial autonomy
Cuban wars
1868–1878 and 1895–1898
Between
The Cuban independence fighters
Aided by the United States
The Spanish
Didn't want the island
To become independent
Spain lost the war
Treaty of Paris
Spain ceded to the United States
Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam
German-Spanish Treaty
Spain ceded to Germany
The Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands and Palau
Uprisings in the Philippines
Disaster of 1898
Triggered a national crisis
A major blow
To Spanish morale
More than 80,000 people died
There were many injured
The income
The colonies provided
Was lost
Regenationism
Regenerate Spain’s socio-political situation by
Eliminating electoral fraud
Promoting reform
Iin the education system
Other measures
Joaquín Costa
Slogan
‘school and larder’
GRADUAL ECONOMIC MODERNISATION IN SPAIN
AGRICULTURAL CHANGES
Inequality of land ownership
CACIQUISMO
Caciques
Large landowners
They had
Economic power
Large social influence
They controlled
Employment contracts
Municipal jobs
Armed followers
To intimidate the population
Rigged elections
Through turnismo
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND THEIR ECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS
High death rates
Wars
Famines
Epidemics of diseases
Smallpox, measles, yellow fever, malaria and cholera
Life expectancy
Was very low
35 years in 1900
FINANCIAL CHANGES
In order for economy to grow
Banco de España
Was founded
Many credit associations
Were established
Spain’s official national currency
The peseta
THE LABOUR MOVEMENT
Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association
Pablo Iglesias
Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE)
General Union of Workers (UGT)
Employment legislation
Protective laws on child labour
Recognition of trade union rights
Compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace
