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Socialism Divisions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Equality of outcome become equality of opportunity.
        
        Increasing equality of opportunity required more inequality of outcome.
        
        Unequal outcomes correlated with increasing rates of economic growth, higher tax yield, lower public spending, and less opportunity.
        
        Accepted by Tony Blair and Gordon Brown who renounced its Clause IV commitment to common ownership.
        
        Criticisms included Tony Benn whose analysis of the Third Way represented a little more than paternalistic conservatism in an effort to make inequality of outcome more palatable while consolidating the position of very wealthy individuals.
    - - The Bristol Pound.
      - Quotes
        
        Help citizens pilot their way through the major revolutions of or time.
        No single agent... can carry the hopes of humanity.
    - - Improve and provide education
        IMprove social infrastructure
        Improve physical infrastructure.
    - - Leads to greater risks to jobs
      - Encourages privatisation and further deregulation.
      - Globalisation made governments less influential in economic spheres so Blair focussed on more social inequalities in race, gender and sexuality (e.g Legalisation of civil partnerships for gay couples)
        
        Devolution acts were an example of sharing the political power equally.
- - - - However, this was unlikely to happen, but needed to overthrow false consciousness.
      - Marcuse
        A society's economic system would always shape the culture
  - - - Any socialist government had their ideas diluted.
      - The existing state would always protect the existing dominant economic class.
      - 'State sponsored' pro- capitalist forces such as the civil services, the judiciary, the armed forces and the security services conspire to divert socialist government.
- - - - A strand of socialism that proved vital to the development of the Labour Party.
      - Webb expressed fundamentalist-socialist creed by aiming to
        
        ’Secure for the producers by hand and by brain the full fruits of their industry and the most equitable distribution thereof… upon the basis of the common ownership of the means of production.’
        
        Clause 4
        
        Inevitably of gradualness
        
        Expansion of the state (especially welfare state)
        
        Coined the term collective bargaining in relation to trade unions,
        
        Capitalism was the principle cause of crippling poverty, fostered unnatural levels of selfishness.
        
        Neither paternalism nor philanthropy was a sustainable solution to the problems of inequality.
        
        But through vigorous trade unionism and state intervention
      - Rejection of revolutionary methods as they were ‘chaotic, inefficient and counter-productive’, the same problem of unpredictability besetting capitalism.
        
        Aimed for a more planned, ‘rational’ society.
        
        Extension of suffrage had facilitated more orderly, election-based progression towards post-capitalist soicety.
        
        ‘Inevitably of gradualism’ would transform society via the existing parliamentary system, replacing society with one based on common ownership and public control.
  - - - Introduction of welfare state and the nationalisation of private services to promote progress towards a fairer post-capitalist society.
    - - Drastic public spending cuts in 1976 made by Labour government under pressure from the IMF underlined danger of socialist governments reducing capitalism.
      - He did not accept evolutionary socialism as invalidated.
        
        Adjustments included:
        
        Resotration of parliamentary sovereignty by withdrawing from the European Economic Community.
        
        Parliamentary reform such as abolition of HoL
        
        Resistance by socialist governments to capitalist interests (investment in trade unions)
- - - - Post-war consensus
        Implemented education reforms such as comprehensivisation
      - INterested in improving lives of working people
      - State managed capitalism/ Mixed economy
        
        He challenged the Webb's' view of 'top-down' bureaucratic and centralising socialism with a more liberal view.
  - - - Such governments could insist appropriate conditions.
  - - - Rise in public spending and thus greater equality.
- - - - Ruling class hegemonic ideology made this difficult, so socialist change must be brought about by a counter-culture- not merely in the workplace like Marxist Leninists prescribed.
      - This would be more persuasive through the legitimisation of parties winning routine elections and responsibility in government.
        
        Existing liberal bourgeois state could accommodate meaningful change such as nationalisation.
- - - - Capitalism was the root of exploitation
      - Capitalism was doomed to fail as exploitation would result in the proletariat class consciousness, and thus revolution.
      - Dictatorship of the proletariat would redistribute and reeducate all, leading to a utopian society and no state.
        
        Communism would be the end of history.
  - - - Led to alienation, which would ultimately form a new society, until the next wave of alienation.
        
        ‘Smash’ capitalism with revolutionary violence.
      - Marx and Engels said that mentality would be defined by economics historical materialism
        
        This caused ’dialectical materialism’ where economic interests, not ideas were conflicted.
        
        A process that drives social change.
        
        Marx
        
        Capitaliism creates the seeds of its own destruction in the form of the exploited and downtrodden.
        Work underpinned by historical materialism and a dialectic approach.
        
        Social class can be distinguished on the basis of the means of production.
        
        The proletariat are the 'gravediggers of capitalism'
        
        Short term dictatorship of the proletariat.
        
        Quotes
        
        From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.
        
        Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose except your chains.
        
        Capitalism and the nature of such, dissolves meaningful relationships that hold society together.
        
        The fraternity is generated by an equitable distribution of wealth.would free us from environmental destructiveness and rampant consumerism.
        
        Evaluation No examples of communist societoies in the way he envisaged.
        Marx was supported by bourgeoisie wealth in order for him to write.
        
        Society can bbe broken down by looking at the history of money, until communism.
        
        Engels
        
        Bloody revolution, like Marx his entire outlook was shaped by historical materialsim.
- - - - Lenin
      - Prevent the masses from developing sympathy for capitalistic values (false consciousness) which would impact the prevalence of socialism.
      - Luxemburg endorsed this argument, but only as far as under-developed societies were concerned.
        
        Admired Lenin’s impatience for socialism.
        
        Argued it could make socialism for the already industrialised irrelevant, such as Germany.
        
        Revolutionary socialist, holding libertarian beliefs.
        
        Concerned over risk of dictatorship.
        
        'Nor merely is its performance a duty toward the proletariat, but our solution offers the only means of saving human society from destruction'.
      - Disputes between Lenin and Luxemburg
        
        Lenin stressed the importance of a revolutionary elite.
        
        The elite would:
        
        Plan to overthrow the existing regime
        
        Organise revolution
        
        Educating the masses into basic values of socialism
        
        Form new organisation: the Communist Party
        
        Upheld by Stalin, following Lenin’s death.
        
        Stalin promoted the the idea of ‘socialism in one country’
        
        The Soviet Union would isolate itself from the outside world and thereafter promote a form of ‘socialist nationalism’.
        
        Dictatorship of the proletariat and direct all aspects of society (democratic centralism)
    - - Mao refined the ‘permanent revolution’ to the notion of an ongoing cultural revolution.
      - Campaign of persecution against any aspect of Traditional Chinese culture which legitimised inequality and ‘anti-socialist’ values.
        
        As with Stalin, millions died or disappeared in this process.
        
        MOre recently seen in Cuba, with Fidel Castro, governing on th basis of democratic centralism.
    - - Luxemburg’s ideas are considered more compelling brand of revolutionary socialism.