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THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN, image, image,…
THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
Reign of Alfonso XII
Bourbon Restoration is the period that began when the Bourbon dynasty returned to the Spanish throne
CONSTITUTION OF 1876
Sovereignty, it was in the hands of the parliament and king
Parliament, formed by Congress and Senate. Senate; right, royal appointment and elected
Suffrage; Until 1890, censitary suffrage was in place
Rights and freedoms; many rights were declared, freedom of expression, association and assembly were often restricted
Religion; catholicism was the official religion, public expressions of those religions were prohibited
Turnismo, it was a system introduced by conservative politician Cànovas del Castillo
2 parties
Conservative Party, was a group of moderate politicians, it was supported by aristocracy, wealthiest bourgeoisie and tradicional middle classes
Liberal Party, inherited ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario, its supporters were members of the progressive and regionalist middle class
The election was manipulated in favour of the party that the king had chosen to form a government
TURNISMO
Was based on the corrupt alternation of parties in power
The selected party formed a new government and called general elections
Electoral manipulation was used to win elections and the results were altered
Regency of Maria Cristina
November 1885, Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis and Maria Cristina became the regent
Problem of popular representation, universal manhood suffrage was introduced and many citizens weren't represented in Parliament
Regional problem, different political movements emerged, in 1890 certain sectors of Catalan and Basque nationalist movements began
Catalan nationalism, in 1901 Regionalist League of Cataluña was founded, wanted Cataluña to be recognised as a nation
Basque nationalism, in 1849 Sabino Arana founded the Basque Nationalist Party
Colonial problem, Cuba made constant demands for greater political and commercial autonomy
Spain eventually lost the war and due to the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States
Disaster of 1898, 80000 people died
Gradual economic modernisation in Spain
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND THEIR ECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS
This limited growth was the result of continued disaster-related high death rates because of wars, famines and epidemics of diseases
CACIQUISMO
Developed in rural Spain in 19th century, Caciques were large landowners, they had large social influence because they controlled employment contracts and municipal jobs
FINANCIAL CHANGES
In 1865, Banco de España was founded and many credit associations were established
Government spending had increased because of the Carlist Wars and Cuban independence
The main problem was that little tax was collected and the Spanish tax system was unfair
LABOUR MOVEMENT
In 1873, Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association was created
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party was founded in Madrid by Pablo Iglesias
Found the socialist General Union of Workers in 1888
Wages increased slightly but the main achievements by the labour movement were changes to employment legislation
Protective laws on child labour, recognition of trade union rights and compensation for victims od accidents in workplace
