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06 THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN - Coggle Diagram
06 THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
1 THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII: STABILITY OF THE REGIME
The Bourbon Restoration
Alfonso XII was crowned king
end to the First Republic
restoring the monarchical system
Two elements made it possible
Constitution of 1876
Sovereignty
parliament and king
Parliament
an elected Congress
Senate
senators
by right
by royal appointment
elected
Suffrage
not regulated by the constitution
the governments were allowed to choose the system used
Until 1890
censitary suffrage
after that
universal manhood suffrage
Rights and freedoms
Many rights were declared
slow process
RESTRICTED: Freedom of
expression
association
political parties and trade unions
assembly
Religion
Catholicism was the official religion
Other religions were permitted
NOT public expressions
Turnismo
introduced by conservative politician Cánovas del Castillo
Corrupt alternation of powers
the Conservative Party
the Liberal Party
in order to avoid
military uprisings
the government or king decided whose turn it was to govern
the selected party called general elections
which they would then win
Electoral manipulation was used to win elections
results were altered
Turnismo
The Conservative Party
founded by Cánovas del Castillo
moderate politicians
supported by
the aristocracy
the wealthiest bourgeoisie
the traditional middle classes
Liberal Party
founded by Sagasta
ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario
members of the progressive
regionalist middle class
turnismo
falsified the normal functioning of the parliamentary system
The election was manipulated in favour of the party
that the king had chosen to form a government
negative impact on the regime
went into crisis at the end of the 19th century
ordinary people and part of the middle classes were politically marginalised
Other political parties
never given the opportunity to govern
the Republican Party
the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party
Basque Nationalist Party
Regionalist League of Cataluña
2 THE REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA: CRISIS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
In November 1885
Alfonso XII died
María Cristina became the regent
signs of crisis during the regency
The problem of popular representation
universal manhood suffrage(1890) but electoral fraud
differences became bigger between
official Spain (the Parliament)
real Spain (citizens not represented)
The regional problem
In the 19th century
different political movements
dissatisfied with
centralism of moderate liberalism
demanded regional identity in
Aragon
Valencia
Navarra
Asturias
Andalucia
Cataluña, Pais Vasco and Galicia
1 more item...
The colonial problem
The Cuban wars of 1868–1878 and 1895–1898
Cuba wanted greater political and commercial autonomy
Cuba was aided by the United States
Spain lost the wars
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Spain ceded
5 more items...
German-Spanish Treaty
Spain ceded
4 more items...
uprisings in the Philippines
Disaster of 1898
national crisis
Spain’s colonial losses
80,000 people died and there were many injured
The income that the colonies provided was also lost
Spain’s government, parties that supported turnismo and its leaders
were accused of poor political management
lost credibility
REGENERATIONISM
Joaquin Costa(1846–1911)
sought to improve the socio-political situation
by reforming the education system
by eliminating electoral fraud
providing food
SLOGAN: ‘school and larder’
3 GRADUAL ECONOMIC MODERNISATION IN SPAIN
modest but constant economic modernisation
transformations at the end of the 19th century
partial industrialisation
gradual construction of a railway network
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND THEIR ECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS
Spain's population grew less than in other European countries
high death rates
life expectancy was very low
35 years in 1900
wars
famines
diseases
smallpox
measles
yellow fever
malaria
cholera
CACIQUISMO
in rural Spain in the 19th century
Caciques were large landowners
economic power
large social influence, they controlled
employment contracts
municipal jobs
had armed followers
intimidated the population
who did elections through turnismo
results were favourable to their interests
FINANCIAL CHANGES
financial institutions were required
to provide loans and capital to businesses
In 1865, the Banco de España was founded
as well as many credit association
by using foreign capital
Spain did not have enough of its own financial resources
spending on Carlist wars and Cuban wars
little tax was collected
it was an unfair system
it penalised the poor
Laws were passed to standardise
weights
measurement
coins
Peseta as a national currency (1868-2002)
(2002-) Euro
essential for the development of the national market
LABOUR MOVEMENT
The freedom of association included in the Constitution of 1869
allowed the labour movement to develop in Spain
In 1873
Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association
30,000 members in
Cataluña
Levante
Andalucía
in 1879
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE)
Marxist party
founded in Madrid in 1879 by the printer Pablo Iglesias
He also helped found the socialist General Union of Workers (UGT) in 1888
Main achievements
changes to employment legislation
protective laws on child labour (1873)
recognition of trade union rights (1887)
compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace (1900)
