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WC11 - Factors on the Water Cycle, natural variations can cause variations…
WC11 - Factors on the Water Cycle
How human activity affects stores and transfers in the water cycle:
defrorestation
more water infiltrated, decrease in Interception
More surface stores and groundstores
Farming - land/soil drainage
desertification - Harder to retain water capacity, is lost completely once soil is sealed
More plants - higher infiltration and soil water rates. Reduced runoff
Farming: Irrigation
recharge is much slower, evaporation and infiltration is slower
increases groundwater storage - as more water can go in there
Water abstraction
Aquifers and groundwater stores become depleted, and can be contaminated
Reduced base and ground flow and channel flow, impacts on ecosystems
land use change
Impermeable surface = less infiltration & more runoff
More soil erosion = reduce soil water stores.
How seasonal changes affect stores and transfers in the water cycle
river channel flow
lower rates and discharge. more interception by vegetation and more infiltration and percolation as there is more groundwater storage
higher rates and discharge. less interception and infiltration as there is less groundwater storage
vegetation - interception, transpiration etc
more vegetation, more interception and vegetation stoarge
less vegetation, less interception, more infiltration and river storage
Evaporation
hotter = more evaporation. increase in evapotranspiration and condensation to from clouds
colder = less evaporation. less interception, more infiltration and river storage
soil water
less soil water, storage, less saturated as there is less precipitation. Utilisation rates high as more soil storage available
more soil water, more saturated as more precipitation. less utilisation opportunities. less soil water storage avaiable
precipitation
lack of precipitation, lack of infiltration and percolation. soil less saturated
More precipitation. lots of groundwater and surface storage. soil very saturated
Californian drought, California (2012-2016)
drought causes reduction in water stores
vegetation dies or destroyed by fire (effects transpiration, interception & infiltration)
groundwater flow becomes more important - not affected
heat & dry air, initial high rates of evapotranspiration, decreases water on ground and dries up and trees transpire less
Soil dry out - soil water is reduced and through flow increases
Sao Paulo flood & mudslide, Brazil (2016)
many water sources containated by mudslide
vegetation destroyed by flood
Soil saturated and groundwater stores exceed their limit
no infiltration due to the soil being too saturated
increase in water transfers and stores
natural variations can cause variations in the stores and transfers in the water cycle. e.g....
How it effects stores 2. How it effects transfers
summer 2. winter