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06 THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN, Garazi García…
06 THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII: STABILITY OF THE REGIME
Bourbon dynasty returned to the Spanish throne
Alfonso XII was crowned king
restoring the monarchical system
end to the First Republic
Two political elements made the regime stable
Constitution of 1876
combined moderate elements with more advanced elements
Sovereignty
in the hands of the parliament and king
Parliament
formed by an elected Congress and Senate
The Senate was formed by three categories
by right
by royal appointment
elected
Suffrage
was not regulated by the constitution
governments were allowed to choose the system used
Until 1890, censitary suffrage
then, universal manhood suffrage
Rights and freedoms
Many rights were declared (slowly)
Freedom of expression, association and assembly were often restricted
Religion
Catholicism was the official religion
other religions were permitted
public expressions of those religions were prohibited
Turnismo
introduced by conservative politician Cánovas del Castillo
two main parties
Conservative Party
Liberal Party
agreed to alternate their terms in power
to avoid military uprisings
Turnismo
based on the corrupt alternation of parties in power
the government or king decided whose turn it was to govern
The selected party formed a new government and called general elections
Conservative Party
founded by Cánovas del Castillo
a group of moderate politicians
supported by the aristocracy, the wealthiest bourgeoisie and the traditional middle classes
Liberal Party
founded by Sagasta
inherited the ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario
supporters were members of the progressive and regionalist middle class
turnismo falsified the normal functioning of the parliamentary system
The election was manipulated
This fraudulent practice had a negative impact on the regime
ordinary people and part of the middle classes were politically marginalised
Other political parties
Republican Party, the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party, the Basque Nationalist Party and the Regionalist League of Cataluña
won some seats, but were never given the opportunity to govern
THE REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA: CRISIS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis
His second wife, María Cristina, became the regent
pregnant with the future king, Alfonso XIII
During the regency began the crisis
The problem of popular representation
universal manhood suffrage was introduced but there was still electoral fraud
differences between the Parliament and real Spain
many citizens were not represented in Parliament
The regional problem
different political movements emerged: against the uniform centralism of moderate liberalism
demanded regional identity in
Aragón
Valencia
Navarra
Asturias
Andalucía
More importantly in
3 more items...
The colonial problem
Cuba made constant demands for greater political and commercial autonomy
The Cuban Wars between the Cuban aided by the United States, and the Spanish
Spain did not want the island to become independent
1 more item...
also uprisings in the Philippines
REGENERATIONISM
a movement that tried to regenerate Spain’s socio-political situation
eliminating electoral fraud
promoting reform in the education system
slogan: ‘school and larder’
greatest supporter: Joaquín Costa
GRADUAL ECONOMIC MODERNISATION IN SPAIN
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND THEIR ECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS
Spain’s population grew less than other European countries
Spain had high death rates because of wars, famines and epidemics
life expectancy was very low, just 35 years
CACIQUISMO
developed in rural Spain
Caciques were large landowners
large social influence and economic power
they controlled employment contracts and municipal jobs
often had armed followers who intimidated the population
rigged elections through turnismo
so that the results were favourable to their interests
FINANCIAL CHANGES
financial institutions to provide capital and loans were required
In 1865, the Banco de España was founded
many credit associations were established
founded using foreign capital
because it didn't have enough financial resources
large investments in industry and the railway network could be made thanks to the organisations
main problem
little tax was collected
the Spanish tax system was unfair
penalised poorer people
THE LABOUR MOVEMENT
The freedom of association allowed the labour movement to develop
In 1873, the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association was created
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) was founded
in Madrid by Pablo Iglesias in 1879
also helped found the socialist General Union of Workers
main achievements by the labour movement
changes to employment legislation
protective laws on child labour
recognition of trade union rights
compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace
Garazi García Antruejo
