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THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN - Coggle Diagram
THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
The reign of Alfonso XII: stability of the regime
The Bourbon Restoration is the period that began
when the Bourbon dynasty returned to the Spanish throne
Alfonso XII was crowned king
bringing an end to the First Republic
restoring the monarchical system
Two political elements made the regime stable
the Constitution of 1876
This combined
moderate elements
of the democratic liberalism of 1869
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advanced elements
turnismo
Conservative Party
founded by Cánovas del Castillo
group of moderate politicians
supported by
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Liberal Party
founded by Sagasta
inherited the ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario
Its supporters were members of
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turnismo falsified the normal functioning
of the parliamentary system
election was manipulated in favour of the party
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The regency of María Cristina: Crisis of the political system
In November 1885
Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis
His second wife, María Cristina
became the regent
During the regency
the political regime
began to show signs of crisis
The problem of popular representation
universal manhood suffrage was introduced in 1890
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The regional problem
In the 19th century
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The colonial problem
In the last decades of the 19th century
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She was pregnant with the future king
Alfonso XIII
Demographic changes and their economic repercussions
Spain’s population grew less
than those of other European countries
during the 19th century
This limited growth was the result
of continued disaster-related high death rates
because of
famines
epidemics of diseases
such as
yellow fever
malaria
cholera
measles
smallpox
wars
because of these factors
life expectancy was very low
just 35 years in 1900
Agricultural changes
This was the most important sector
of the Spanish economy
during the 19th century
During Isabel II’s reign
traditional production of cereals
remained the same with little modernisation
But
grape
fruit farming methods in
Lebante
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Ebro Valley
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citrus
olive
There was still inequality
of land ownership
On the Cantabrian coast
there were a large number of smallholders
But
on the Submeseta Norte
in Aragón
there were mainly small
and medium landowners
in Cataluña
In the southern half of Spain
large estates often belonged to
the aristocracy
the wealthiest bourgeoisie
The confiscated lands of the Catholic Church
were acquired by the wealthiest people
during the desamortizaciones
and they increased
their economic power
Financial changes
In order for the economy to grow
financial institutions that could provide
capital
to businesses
such as banks and credit institutions
were required
In 1865 Banco de España was founded
and many credit associations were established
Most of these were founded
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Large investments in industry
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loans
The labour movement
The freedom of association
included in the Constitution of 1869
allowed the labour movement to develop in Spain
In 1873
Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association was created
with more than 30,000 members in
Levante
Andalucía
Cataluña
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party
was founded in Madrid
by the printer Pablo Iglesias
He also helped found the socialist
General Union of Workers (UGT)
in 1888
in 1879
In the last quarter of the 19th century
wages increased slightly
but the main achievements by the labour movement
were changes to employment legislation
recognition of trade union rights (1887)
compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace (1900)
protective laws on child labour (1873)