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The restoration and the gradual modernisation of Spain and Andalucia -…
The restoration and the gradual modernisation of Spain and Andalucia
The reign of Alfonso XII: Stability of the regime
Bourbon restoration is the period that began when the Bourbon dynasty returned to Spain
Alfonso XII was crowned king
2 political elements made the regime stable
Turnismo
Constitution of 1876
Rights and freedoms
Many rights were declared, but it was a slow process
Freedom of expression, association and assembly were often restricted
Suffrage
not regulated by the constitution
government allowed to choose the system
Religion
Catholicism was the often religion
Other religion were permitted but the expression of them was prohibited
Parliament
Formed by an elected Congress and Senate
Turnismo
System introduced by Cánovas del Castillo
2 main parties
Liberal party
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Conservative party
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Sovereignty
At the hands of the parliament and king
During Alfonso XIII regency the political regime began to show signs of crisis
The region problem
Different political movements emerged
were dissatisfied with the uniform centralism of moderate liberalism and that demanded regional identity
In Aragon, Valencia, Navarra, Asturias and Andalucia
However Cataluña, Pais Vasco and Galicia stood out
In 1890, certain sectors of the Catalan and Basque nationalist movements began to state their proposals
Basque nationalism
In 1894, Sabino Arana founded the Basque nationalism party
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Catalan nationalism
1901, the regionalist League of Cataluña was founded
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Problem of popular representation
Universal manhood suffrage was introduced in 1890 there was still electoral fraude
difference between official Spain and real Spain became more pronounced
Many citizens were not represented in Parliament
The colonial problem
Cuba made constant demands for greater political and commercial autonomy
United States and the Spanish did not let Cuba to independence because the benefits this island give them
Also uprising in the Phillippines
Gradual Economic Modernisation in Spain
Although Spain was a mainly agricultural country in the 19th century
its partial industrialisation and a railway network contributed to other transformations at the end of the century
They led to modest but constant economic modernisation
Caciquismo
Developed in rural Spain
Caciques were large landowners
As well as economic power they also had a large social influence
Because they controlled employment contract and municipal jobs
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Financial changes
In order for the economy growth there required financial institutions such as: banks and credits institutions
1865 Banco de España was founded
many credit associations were established
Most of them were founded using foreign capital
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Agricultural changes
Most important sector of Spanish economy
production of the most important crop (cereals), remained the same with little modernisation
other farming methods were modernised such as olive, grape and citrus
production increased thanks to exportation
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The labour movement
Freedom of association included in the constitution of 1869 allowed labour movement to develop in Spain
1873 Spanish regional federation of the international workingmen's association was created
More than 30.000 members in Cataluña, the Levante and Andalucía
Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), a Marxist party, was founded in Madrid
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Demographic changes and their economic repercussions
Spain's population grew less than other European countries during 19th century
This limited growth was the result of continued disaster-related high death rates
because of wars, famines and epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, yellow fever, malaria and cholera
Because these factors, life expectancy was very low, just 35 years in 1900