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Experiments in Government and Society, 1648-1660 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1649 9th Mar - Execution of Royalist leadership
        
        1649 Aug - Arrival of Cromwell's forces in Ireland
        
        1650 Mar - Montrose Rising
        
        1650 May - Treaty of Breda
        
        1650 Sep 3rd - Battle of Dunbar
        
        1651 Sep 3rd Battle of Worcester
  - - - Despite the execution of Charles, most people remained attached to the idea of a monarchial England and there was little desire for the execution to create a republic
        
        There was now no obvious solution as Prince Charles had fled England in 1645 and although he wanted to claim the throne his name was tarnished by his mothers catholicism and Charles I reputation
        
        The army and the Rump were prepared for an experiment in republicanism. But there was also a small subset of the population (the Rump of a Royalist party) who wanted Prince Charles
        
        However, the likelihood of a military Royalist revival was dealt a catastrophic blow when 5 veteran Royalist leaders were executed in March 1649
        
        Charles also looked for support from his fathers kingdoms but found it difficult as he couldn't communicate whilst exiled in the Dutch Republic and he had little finance
    - - The Marquis of Ormond had been successful in negotiating a settlement in Ireland on behalf of the King in Oct 1648. Following this in January 1649, he concluded an agreement which brought together confedarates + Protestant Royalists into one movement which was loyal to the Stuart Monarchs (Second Ormond Agreement). As a result of this, Charles Stuart was immediately proclaimed rightful King of Ireland by Ormond
        
        The main terms of the Second Ormond Agreement included Catholics to have equality in Ireland and the restructuring of the Irish-Royalist army with Ormond at its head
        
        Evidence of resurgent royalism within Ireland was a concern for the Rump due to its close proximity risking a rapid invasion. They decided the Irish issue needed to be solved with force
    - - Cromwell had a well funded and equipped army of 12,000 men. He landed in August 1649 and within 9 months had comprehensively defeated Ormond's forces but at the cost of his reputation
        
        At Drogheda and Wexford Cromwell commenced brutal sieges. Wexford had a significant port in the south of Dublin and controlling Drogheda cut Dublin off from help Ulster
        
        Cromwell's legacy came under fire when word broke that he had slaughtered two whole towns
        
        Ormond's army began to break down due to poor equipment and desertions were caused by soldiers picking survival over Royalism
        
        Ormond's communication with the king was very infrequent and when Prince Charles signed an agreement with the Scots, he was forced to reject the Ormond Agreement and Ormond resigned
    - - After the Regicide, the Scots rejected the English proposal to break the Union and stuck to their Covenant and they were bound to the restoration of Charles II as King
        
        However, their allegiance was under negotiated terms that Prince Charles II subscribed to the National + Solemn League and Covenants. He also had to maintain a Scottish Presbyterian settlement and establish a Presbyterian settlement in England + Ireland which meant repudiating the 2nd Ormond Agreement
        
        Charles prolonged negotiations on this and hoped a show of military force would help. In early 1650, the Marquis of Montrose led a small force in an attempt to raise the Highland clans. In March, Montrose's forces crossed onto Scottish mainland but his army was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale and the Marquis was executed. Charles then distanced himself from Montrose
        
        Charles considered the Scottish terms and agreed and the Treaty of Breda was signed on the 1s May 1650
    - - Following the Treaty of Breda, the English Parliament launched a pre-emptive invasion on Scotland, of which Fairfax wanted no part in so retired
        
        Cromwell now replaced Fairfax and led 7500 foot soldiers + 3500 Cavalry up to Scotland where they faced against David Leslie, the hero of Marston Moor
        
        Leslie gained the upper hand but after a tactical masterclass by Cromwell by flanking the NMA emerged victorious and Cromwell occupied Edinburugh
  - - - In a hope to avenge the defeat at Dunbar, King Charles II of Scotland led an invasion force with the eventual intent of reaching london
        
        The Royalists had 12,000 men and 3000 deaths
        
        The NMA had 28,000 men and 200 deaths
        
        Charles fled to France and Royalist revival had not materialised
- - - - By early 1649, the breach between the Levellers and the Rump was widening to a point beyond which it could not be healed
        
        The Levellers issue with the Rump was that it didn't address the fundamental issue of Parliamentary representation. They feared the Rump was aiming to become equally as tyrannical as the king. Rumours began that the Levellers would join the royalists to challenge the Rump. In Feb 1649, Lilburne published a Pamphlet slewing the Rump and encouraged others like the army to reject their rule
        
        In response, Lilburne + other leading Levellers were arrested in March and charged with Treason. Despite this, the remaining Levellers still stirred up 2 army mutinies, one in May where 5 cavalries mutinied
        
        However, the Rump then payed army arrears which satisfied them, removing the Levellers main support base and ending the movemement
    - - These were an offshoot of the Levellers who emerged in late 1648 and called themselves the "True Levellers". They took basic Leveller ideas and merged them with religious radicalism
        
        Led by Gerrard Winstanley + William Everard
        
        They setup communities in St Georges Hill + Cobham Heath
        
        They believed good should be distributed to everyone so they sold + distributed their possessions. With this they also believed no one should have authority over another, therefore rejecting the monarchy
        
        However, the movement and settlements didn't last long due to them being accused of being disorderly and they were feared by landowners
    - - All groups shared some common beliefs + they were expressed in different ways
        
        Individuals can all relate to god without using a preist
        
        Sin was a public and private thing
  - - - 1649 Mar 17th - Abolition of the 'Kingly office' in England
        
        1649 Mar 19th - Abolition of the House of Lords
        
        1649 Apr - Establishment of the Digger community in Surrey
        
        1650 Aug - Blasphemy Act
        
        1653 Apr-Dec - The Nominated (Barebones) Assembly
  - - - Around 1647, George Fox and other preachers began to spread messages and start the "society of friends" which quickly became known as the "Quakers" as they tended to shake during religious meetings and they also gave women + men the same rights
        
        They believed god spoke to everyone through an inner light + interactions would make them more holy. They disagreed with prejudice to lower classes and didn't believe in military service as they thought only god had the right to end life
        
        Fox was one of the first to be trialled under the new blasphemy act + was sentenced to 6 months in prison
        
        However, the Quaker movement grew rapidly due to well organised movement around the country which allowed them to target towns and they used Pamphlets. By 1660 there were more than 20,000 Quaker converts in England
    - - Different branches of the Baptist movement continued to grow in strength during the period of the Rump
        
        Using a concept from the NMA the General Baptists grouped their churches into Regional Associations and they sent a representative from each one to a general assembly in London
        
        The associations were responsible for the quality of teaching, practices and group action.
        
        Other sects began to follow the general baptists so slowly the movement all joined together
    - - The Fifth Monarchists reached its peak around 1650 and they waited the apocalyptic return of jesus
        
        From 1651, they began to meet weekly at the Church of All-Hallows the Great and congregations were typically formed by a majority of tradesmen. Henry Vane was sympathetic if not committed
        
        In 1651, Ludowicke Muggleton and John Reeve claimed god had sent them to be messangers + witnesses of apocalyptic revelation
        
        The muggletonians denied the trinity (a key christian belief) and were convicted for blasphemy in 1653
  - - - In Feb 1649, a new body was introduced ti replace the vacuum of executive power called the Council of State
        
        It was made from 41 councillors (elected by the Rump)
        
        However, attendance was low with rarely more than 15 members present
        
        Incoming members of the council had to swear an oath to govern in the way of a republic (they also referred to republic as commonwealth)
        
        "Commonwealth" was used as it was a very vague term
        
        There were not many radical republicans but Henry Marten stands out as one who pressed for regicide
  - - - The Rump had proved to be a much more conservative political force than people feared. But it did have many strengths...
        
        Navigation act of 1651 boosted national morale and the early stages of Anglo-Dutch war were successful
        
        Prevented opposition by treating royalists gently
        
        Maintained stability under economic distress, religious radicalism, issues in Scotland + Ireland
        
        Held of threat of armies ambitions
        
        Managed to raise enough finance to finance army (through selling church, crown + royalist land)
        
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    - - Cromwell and Thomas Harrison (a 5th monarchist) gathered the army council together to select 140 men from England, Scotland, Wales + Ireland and he summoned them to Westminister
        
        They met for the first time on 4th July 1653
        
        It was not a parliament but soon gained the nickname Barebones Parliament due to a stereotype the assembly was a group of Religious Zealots
        
        In 5 short months, the Nominated Assembly pushed through a small amount of significant legislation...
        
        Measures aimed at the promotion of godly reformation (e.g reform of marriage law, abolition of tithes)
        
        Other legislation included more humane treatment of the insane, tougher measures against thieves,, abolition of court of chancery
        
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- - - - 1654 Sep - First protectorate parliament
        
        1655 Jan - Dissolution of 1st protectorate parliament
        
        1655 Mar - Penruddock rising
        
        1655 Apr - The Western Design
        
        1655 Aug-Dec - Rule by Major Generals
        
        1656 Sep - 2nd Protectorate Parliament
        
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  - - - Cromwell acted publicly with supreme confidence but privately was very humble and harsh on himself (shown in private writings)
        
        He was deeply religious and resisted public adulation but still believed god had given him a uniqueand weighty commission
    - - Lamberts constitutional settlement was fundamentally conservative despite its innovatory nature...
        
        A lord protector would hold executive power (like USA president), Cromwell was granted this role
        
        A council of state of up to 21 members to handle finance
        
        A parliament with one chamber would sit for at least 5 months and re-elect every 5 years. It would have 400 english MP's + 30 from Scotland and 30 from Ireland
        
        The constitution also tackled key areas...
        
        Liberty of worship for all but Roman Catholics
        
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    - - Elections for the 1st P.P were called after the Instrument of Gov was approved and the Parliament sat between Sep 1654 and its dissolution in Jan 1655 when Cromwell dissolved it in digust
        
        The Parliament had tried many times to amend the instrument to give itself executive power
        
        There was also a military faction called the "commonwealthsmen" led by Arthur Haselrig who opposed Cromwell's dissolution of the Rump
        
        Religious rights were restricted instead of expanded
        
        No legislation was enacted the entire time
  - - - Between the dissolution in Jan 1655 and the rule of the major generals in Aug 1655, two events occurred
        
        In March 1655, Colonel John Penruddock attempted a royalist rising in Wiltshire which was easily put down
        
        In April 1655, there was a campaign, known as the Western Design, to take Hispaniola (Cuba) from the Spanish in order to secure a good base in the Caribbean. It was repelled by Spanish forces and Cromwell interpreted this as showing gods displeasure in a form of reverse providence
    - - Lambert was a guiding light in developing the rule by major generals. Ireland was already governed by Major General Henry Cromwell and Scotland by Major General George Monck. Now, England was split into 11 districts, each under a major general who had 500 soldiers. They were responsible for ensuring local magistrates were vigorous in crushing resurgent royalism and zealous in their pursuit of godly reformation
    - - Overall, the rule was unsuccessful as they caused social disruption. The Generals were of a lower social status than the Justices of Peace whom they had authority over and due to this, many interpreted their rule as unnatural because it was against the established social order
        
        Another reason they were unsuccessful was the huge financial burden. The cost of maintain the 500 soldiers per major general also added to this. In order to solve this they introduced a Decimation tax on royalist states worth more than £100 per annum. However, this didn't solve the problem as by 1656, annual expenditure was exceeding income by £230,000
        
        However, the greatest reason for their unpopularity was the way many of them took serious responsibility for godly reformation. Using their army power, many of the Major Generals enforced campaigns in their district, combatting drunkenness, applying blasphemy laws and punishing indecent behaviour. They closed theartres, brothels, banned gambling and they did this through use of fear
    - - In September 1656, Cromwell was forced to call a second protectorate Parliament as he couldn't afford a war with Spain which had resulted from the Western Design
        
        In the 2nd Protectorate Parliament, Cromwell excluded over 100 MPs (most who opposed him in first protectorate parliament) and in its short time it was compliant and relatively effective but it soon encountered the issue of religion
  - - - Anti-tolerationists - They liked uniformity, discipline, order and preferred an established Church. They included royalists who wanted to uphold an Anglican settlement as well as Presbyterians who wanted to extent a Presbyterian settlement e.g William Pryne + Thomas Edwards
        
        Conservative tolerationists - They liked independence, orthodoxy and preferred an established church with toleration for the Churches meeting. Members were 'the godly' and were mainstream movements that dissented from Anglicanism e.g Baptists + Presbyterians. E.g Oliver Cromwell
        
        Radical tolerationists - They liked 'Primitive' Christianity and wanted religious faith + practice to be removed from oversight Secular powers. They included Quakers, Socinians + radical independants. E.g George Fox + Henry Vane
    - - The ideas about liberty of conscience sparked re-evaluation of catholicism and jews
        
        Cromwell was anti-catholic but his belief in liberty of conscience led to reconsideration. Cromwell had protested the execution of John Southwarth who was executed under anti-priest legislation. Cromwell also allowed catholics to celebrate mass within the Venetian embassy. Two Paris-based English Catholics including Thomas White issued the Ground of obedience and government. This would accept Cromwell as protector but allow for more Catholic reforms.
    - - John Biddle was a Socinan (believed there was a single divine being, God) who had been secretly holding Church gatherings in London post-war. In 1654, he published 'A Twofold Catholicism' and he was arrested under the Blasphemy Act. Following this, many were trialed and Cromwell ended up dissolving the 1st Protectorate Parliament as he stood for liberty
        
        Another case was James Nayler in 1657, where the Quaker rode into Bristol on Donkey reenacting Jesus. He was trialled under the Blasphemy act and punished severely and Cromwell didn't disagree with this due to the socially disruptive nature of the Quakers
  - - - In Feb 1657, a new constitutional proposal was brought before the 2nd Protectorate Parliament in the form of a "Humble Petition and Advice"
        
        Background - On Christmas Day 1656, Major General Desborough had introduced a Militia bill, turning the Decimation Tax into a permanent tax. This made the Major Generals even more unpopular and Cromwell sided against them. Cromwell signalled a death knell to the major generals and the instrument of government
        
        The humble petition + advice was presented by civilians to parliament and increased religious liberty, created a new upper chamber and gave lord protector the right to nominate his succesor. Dramatically, the Humble petition called for the reinstatement of the monarchy with Cromwell as the first in office
        
        Opposition to this came from Halserig + Republicans as well as many of the army. Cromwell's links in the army however, prevented the opposition from derailing the Humble Petition
        
        However, on 13th April, Cromwell rejected the Crown due to his anxiety that god might turn against him
        
        Cromwell did accept a revised version which didn't include the monarchy returning but he was invested as Lord Protector
- - - - 1959 Apr 22nd - Dissolution of 3rd Protectorate Parliament
        
        1959 May 7th - Recall of the Rump
        
        1959 May 13th - Humble petition and address of the Officers
        
        1959 Aug - Booth's Rising
        
        1959 Oct - Dissolution of Rump
        
        1959 Dec 26th - Recall of Rump
        
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  - - - Financially struggled due to large chunks of income being taken by the cost of the war
        
        Richard was unable to exclude anyone from the 3rd Protectorate so many divisions occurred e.g Civilian Cromwellians, Army men, Republicans, etc. The divisions were worsened by Republicans such as Haselrig who said the settlement was too monarchial. Main split was the civilian and military factions
    - - Richard didn't have good relations with the army grandees like Oliver did and when he started to discuss reducing the army and limiting religious toleration, the Grandees mobilised the London-based soldiers and Major General Desborough forced Richard to dissolve the 3rd Protectorate Parliament and placed him under house arrest
        
        Richard Cromwell proved himself unable to maintain his authority in the face of thr army
        
        Now the army would see if it could manage without a Cromwell at its head
    - - The army had to decide whether to support a continued protectorate and this caused divisions. Fleetwood + Desborough were not opposed however many others were as it was too monarchial and this faction mourned the days of the 'purer' Rump
        
        Many also asked whether Lambert could replace Richard as Lord protector
        
        The 'Rump faction' stirred up dissent and on the 7th May 1659 the Grandees recalled and opened the old Rump Parliament and the MP's immediately abolished the protectorate constitution but Richard was still protector but he then resigned. The Rumps power was also only a fraction of what it used to be and its legality was dubious
        
        Later in May, Lambert presented the Rump with the Humble Petition and Address of the Officers which reccomended the restoration of a commonwealth but with no King or HoL, but it would make a senate to respresent the army. Haselrig opposed this as it would reduce the commons authority but by May, the divisions in factions in the Rump was at a deadlock
        
        Opposition to the commonwealth had grown steadily and by this time, Charles Stuart had developed a meaningful military force and attempted to spark a rising in August 1659. Sir George Booth organised a rising in the midlands + west country but Lambert led an army up to Cheshire which defeated the rebellion at the battle of Winnington bridge on the 19th August. Charles heard of the defeat and regrouped with Sir Edward Hyde and Marquis of Ormond
        
        With peace now restored, worries arose about Parliament replacing the NMA with a more conventional army, tensions were high. Haselrig then shut the commons and ordered the Rump to expell army ring leaders such as Lambert. Following this, Lambert called nearby troops around Westminister on 13th October and prevented members of the Rump entering Parliament
    - - On 27th October, the committee of safety (an interim government). Under the leadership of Fleetwood, members were swiftly called to join, e.g Lambert, Desborough, etc and within two months the country was close to renewed civil war. Forces in London began actively protesting the committee with riots + attacks on the New Model forces. The Judicial system was breaking down, tax revenues were at a low and there was protest to return the secluded members of prides purge. Fleetwood resigned and initiative swung back to Haselrig
        
        The Rump returned on 26th Dec 1659 and people wanted an end to turbulence. Everyone was very vocal, including the press. On 1st Jan 1660, Monck (commander of NMA in Scotland) met up with Fairfax's Yorkshire forces and marched on London. Lambert raised a force to push them back, but failed. Monck allowed the Rump to reinstate the excluded members from Prides Purge.
        
        The recall of excluded members meant the session beginning on 21st Feb 1660 included all remaining members of the original Long Parliament and it retained its Presbyterian flavour of the early 1640's
        
        New elections for a fresh parliament were called, using the traditional electoral process and excluding nobody
  - - - Charles contacts began to make links with parliamentarians. On top of this, Monck began to build contacts with Charles Stuart and he had focused on the armies requirements, winning their support
    - - Charles Stuart, working with Edward Hyde, Marquis of Ormond + Sir Edward Nicholas moved his court form Catholic Spain to the Protestant Dutch Republic
        
        There, he drew up a proposal for his restoration and issued the Declaration of Breda on 4th April 1660 and despatched it to the Lords + Commons, army + navy and the city of London. It was clever as it covered all significant topics without committing Charles to any specific course of action
    - - On 25th April 1660, fresh elections returned a new House of Commons to Westminister
        
        It legitimised itself as a parliament in June, which the king agreed with and it was split, half were old style parliamentarians and the other half were royalists + and new MP's
        
        They discussed the terms of the Treaty of Breda and on the 8th May declared Charles Stuart to be King Charles II
        
        Those who signed the death warrant were exempt from the indemnity act + Cromwell's body was hanged, drawn + quartered. Sir Henry Vane the Younger was also beheaded in 1662
  - - - The concept of Parliament as the prime authority based on natural law, with guaranteed sessions lasting at least 5 months every 3 years
        
        Religious tolerance in which all but the extreme had rights in public and office
    - - By 1660, the critical nature of pamphlets were an established part of culture
        
        Religion was still very diverse
        
        Women had a much bigger role in public life due to the beliefs of many religious groups such as the Quakers