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China (1900-1949) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - separation of power
        
        failed
        
        five-power system under the Chairman of the Nationalist Party
        
        failure
        
        nepotism 裙帶關係
        
        1928-1937: less than 1% of the officers got their positions though examination
        
        Jiang Jieshi planted his trusted subordinates
        
        Song Ziwen
        
        Chen Cheng
        
        Big Four Families: controlled 77% of the national banks
        
        interefere in policy making
    - - not passed until 1946 (War of Resistance against Japanese aggression)
  - - - highest rental rate <37.5%
    - - to establish a farmers' cooperative
  - - - 1935: The Temporary Outline for implementing Compulsory Education
  - - - 1800 books were banned (1928-1937)
- - - - 1912: Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
        
        separation of power
        
        freedom of speech, publishing and assembly
        
        journals, magazines, newspaper
        
        spread
        
        ideology (socialism, communism)
        
        Chung Hwa Book Company
      - 1912-1913: first election
        
        10% of the population with voting rights
        
        first step towards constitutional democracy
    - - all people were equal regardless of their ethinicity and religious belief
        
        as well as
        
        gender equality
    - - allow women to receive education
        
        1912-1913 no. of female students 140000 --> 160000
        
        1912-1913 no. of female schools 2300 --> 3100
    - - MInistry of Industry
      - encourage setting up of enterprises
        
        1912: registered enterprises 1500 (2X as 1911)
  - - - Yuan Shikai have nine concubines
    - - X sought to repeal the unequal treaties
        
        eg. Treaty of Nanjing, Treaty of Tianjin, Boxer Protocol
    - - recession
        
        additional taxes
        
        early 1920s Guangdong: 30 additional taxes
        
        26 salt-related tax in Sichuan
    - - Division of warlords
        
        Duan Qirui, Zhang Zuolin
        
        attempted to repeal the PCRC
      - attempts in restoring the monarchy
        
        1916: Yuan Shikai --> Emperor Hongxian
        
        1917: Qing loyalist Zhang Xun attempted in restoring Puyi as the Emperor
- - - - Ruicheng Umbrella Factory
      - Beiyang First Commercial Textile Company
      - by Lu Xun
      - 1920: 57% of the industrial capital in the manufacturing industry -> chinese products
  - - - The Chinese Chemistry Industry Society
      - The Chinese Astronomical Society
    - - foster academic research
- - - - economic
        
        Commercial Law of Great Qing
        
        Interim Trademark Registration Regulation
        
        incentive scheme for businessmen
      - legal
        
        Great Qing New Criminal Code
        
        Great Qing New Civil Code
    - - Hubu Bank (1905)
      - Bank of Communications (1908)
      - Zhejiang Bank
      - 1911：12 chinese banks were established
    - - Qingdao-Jinan Railway
      - China Eastern Railway
      - South Manchuria Railway
  - - - provincial assembly, national assembly
    - - Yikuang, Yuan shikai, Sheng Xuanhuai
      - raise public funds for reform
        
        additional taxes and charges
    - - Royal Cabinet (1911)
        
        most officials in the Royal Cabinet: Manzu nobles
        high-ranking positions = >1/3 were Han Chinese
      - The Outline of Constitution (1908)
        
        extreme power for the Emperor
        
        not constitutional reform --> only to pacifiy the people's request
    - - 100% steel production, 84% shipping industry, 34% cotton spinning
      - 1907: 93% of the railways
    - - Boxer Protocol
        
        annually repay 46-47 million taels
        
        allow the public to invest in railways
        
        forcefully seized the rights of railways & sell the construction rights to foreign powers for loans
        
        Railway Protection Movement
        
        Wuchang Uprising
        
        2 more items...
        
        Guangdong-Hankou Railway
        
        Sichuan-Hankou Railway
      - salt tax + customs duty --> guarantee for loans
- - - - May Fourth Movement
        
        ideology vaccum
        
        emergence of communism
        
        New Youth
      - Russia
        
        October Revolution
        
        Establishment of the first communist regime
        
        isolated by the Western countries
        
        establishment of Comintern in 1919
        
        functions
        
        promote communism, assist other countries in establishing the communist party, organizing military uprising
      - China being weak
        
        oppression by the foreign powers
        
        alternatives for democracy to save the nation
  - - - reason
        
        same goals in short term
        
        different final goals
        
        CPC: eliminate bourgeoisie + establish proletarian government
        
        KMT: establish a constitutional government
        
        fight against imperialism & defeat the warlords
      - reason
        
        both parties being weak
        
        CPC: newly established, 400 members in 1923
        
        Alliance with the Soviets, admission of the communists and assistance to peasants and workers
        
        cooperation
        
        KMT: failure of revolutionary activities eg. The Second Revolution
        
        First Central Executive Committee
        
        41 elected members: 1/4 of them were communists
        
        Li Dazhao
        
        Mao Zedong
      - 第一次國共合作
    - - fundamental difference in ideology
      - internal division in KMT
        
        Western Hill Conference
        
        to expel communists from KMT
        
        communists: infiltrate into KMT + spread communism
        
        "admission of communists"
      - growing influence of the communists
        
        purge of CPC (1927)
        
        20000 were arrested and executed
      - 十年國共分裂
        
        武漢政府
        
        汪精衛掌權
        
        親共
        
        聯俄容共政策
        
        南京政府
        
        蔣介石掌權
        
        first internal pacification, then external resistance 先安内後攘外
        
        反共
    - - Japanese aggression against China => frequent
        
        1931: Mukden Incident
        
        anti-Japanese protests
      - reason
        
        Xi'an Incident
    - - end of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression
      - failed mediation attempts
        
        CPC 五肯放棄軍隊 KMT 五肯分權
      - 1946-1949: Chinese Civil War 國共内戰