Learning
Definition
Relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
How it's done
Association
linking 2 related events
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Cognitive learning
Anticipating events via 2 stimuli
Dentist drill -> sweaty palms
Components
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Condition stimulus
Contition response
Natural
Instinct
Generalization: similar stimuli r grouped together
Discrimination: distinguishing the differences between stimuli
Extinction: diminishing of a contitioned response
Spontaneous recovery: recovery of something extinct
Learning by social consequences
Slot machine dings per win
Thorndike's law of effect
Actions with + outcomes that r likely repeated
Trapped cats in boxes with escape levers (Skinner box)
Principles
reinforcement
Punishment
To decrease behavior
To increase behavior
- Positive Punishment is adding something bad to discourage a behavior
- Negative Punishment is subtracting something good to discourage a behavior
- Positive reinforcement is adding something good to encourage a behavior
- Negative reinforcement is subtracting something bad to encourage a behavior
Primary reinforcer
Like food or removal of pain
Secondary reinforcer
Associated with a primary reinforcer like grades or praise
Immediate reinforcer
Like a prize
Delayed reinforcement
Like exercise or accomplishing the master plan
When used..
Must be swift
Consistent
Appropriately undesirable
Though physical punishment may be imitated
May learn to fear the punisher
Building complex behaviors
Shaping
gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of targeted behavior
Continuous v partial reinforcement
Fixed ratio of # of responses
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Classical v operant
classical
operant
associate response and reinforcement
Organism is active
Responses emitted
learned association between unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus
Organism is passive
Responses elicited
Shared features
avoidance learning
Extinction and spontaneous recovery
Generalization and discriminiation
Learning
cognitive learning
Latent learning
Tolman's rats
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Insight learning
Spark of genius
Social learning/ modeling
Albert Bandura
mirror neurons
imagine themselves mimicking someone
helps us understand one another
Antisocial effects
media
violent media has an effect
Desensitizing
Decreases empathy
Memory
Encoding
Retaining
Retrieving
Stores
Sensory
Short term
Long term
~1 second duration
Immense capacity