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:recycle: 2.1 Construct Physical Layer Protocols and Network Media. -…
:recycle: 2.1 Construct Physical Layer Protocols and Network Media.
Identify devices connectivity options
:check: Intermediary devices connect the individual end devices to the network.
:check: can connect multiple individual networks
to form an internetwork.
:check: intermediary devices
provide connectivity and ensure that data flows
Connectivity Device / Intermediary devices
1. Router
:star: a multiport connectivity device that directs
data between nodes on a network.
:star: Routers can integrate LANs and WANs running at
different transmission speeds
: :star: Layer 3 (Network Layer) of OSI model.
2. Repeaters
:star: Repeaters operate in the Physical layer of the OSI model-no means to interpret the data they retransmit.
:star: One input and output One input and output a single data stream.
:star: allows you to extend a network inexpensively.
3. Hub
:star: a repeater with more than one output port.
:star: accepts signals from a transmitting node and repeats those signals to all other connected nodes in a broadcast fashion.
4. Bridges
:star: devices that connect two network
segments by analysing incoming frames
:star: making decisions about where to direct them based on each frame’s MAC address.
:star: They operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model.
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5. Switches
:star: connectivity devices that subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces, or segments.
:star: switches can make efficient than bridges because they have multiple ports.
6. Wireless Access Point (WAP)
:star: allows a Wi-Fi compliant device to connect to a wired network.
:star: Mobility.
:star: differentiated from a hotspot, which is the physical location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available.
7. Modem
:star: Stand for Modulation and Demodulation.
:star: Convert either digital signal to analog signal (modulation) and analog signal to digital signal (demodulation).
8. Network Interface Card (NIC)
:star: a hardware component, typically a circuit board or chip, which is installed on a computer so that it can connect to a network.
:star: designed for use with either wired or wireless networks:
On-Board NICs, via an expansion slot or peripheral bus
Wireless NICs, which contain antennas to send and receive signals wirelessly.
On-Board NICs
Wireless NICs
Cable used in Ethernet networks
1. Copper Media
:fire: conducts electrical signals very well but it has its limitation.
:fire: data travels on copper cables as small pulses of electrical voltage cause it easily distorted by outside noise and signal attenuation.
:fire: cable type with shielding or twisting of the pairs of wires are designed to minimize signal degradation
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cable
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cable
Coaxial cable
2. UTP
:fire: used in Ethernet LANs
:fire: eight wires twisted into four color-coded pairs and then wound inside a cable jacket
:fire: colored pairs identify the wires for proper connection at the terminals
:arrow_right: Category 3 Cable (UTP)
:arrow_right: used for voice communication
:arrow_right: most often used for phone lines
:arrow_right: Category 5 & 5e Cable (UTP)
:arrow_right: used for data transmission
:arrow_right: Cat5 supports 100 Mb/s and can support 1000 Mb/s, but it it not recommended
:arrow_right: Cat5 supports 1000 Mb/s
:arrow_right: Category 6 Cable (UTP)
:arrow_right: Used for data transmission
:arrow_right: An added separator is between each pair of wires allowing it to function at higher speeds
:arrow_right: Supports 1000 Mb/s - 10 Gb/s, through 10 Gb/s is not recommend
:arrow_forward: RJ-45 UTP Plugs
:arrow_forward: RJ-45 UTP Socket
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UTP Testing Parameters
:checkered_flag: Wire map
:checkered_flag: Cable length
:checkered_flag: Signal loss due to attenuation
:checkered_flag: Crosstalk
3. Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
4. Coaxial Cable
5. Fiber Media Cable
Types of Fiber Media
Single Mode
:checkered_flag: small core
:checkered_flag: less dispersion
:checkered_flag: suited for long distance applications
Multimode
:checkered_flag: Larger core than single mode cable
:checkered_flag: Allows greater dipersion and therefore, loss of signal
:checkered_flag: used LEDs as the light source
Fiber Optic Connectors
ST Connectors
SC Connectors
LC Connector
Duplex Multimode LC Connectors
Testing Fiber Cables
Common Fiber Patch Cords
SC-SC Multimode Patch Cord
LC-LC Single-mode Patch Cord
ST-LC Multimode Patch Cord
SC-ST Single-mode Patch Cord
Basic Principles of The Physical Layer Standards
1. Open Standards
:pencil2: encourage interoperability, competition, and innovation.
:pencil2: usually vendor-neutral, non-profit organizations established to develop and promote the concept of open standards.
2. Internet Standards
Internet Society (ISOC)
promotes open development and evolution of Internet use globally.
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
management and development of Internet standards.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
develops, updates, and maintains Internet and TCP/IP technologies.
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
focused on long-term research related to Internet and TCP/IP protocols.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
coordinates IP address allocation and management of domain names.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
manages IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN.
3. Electronics and Communications Standard
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
dedicated to advancing technological innovation and creating standards in a wide area of industries including networking.
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
standards related to electrical wiring, connectors, and network racks.
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
standards for radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, and satellite communications.
International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications.
