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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK CHAPTER 2.1 - Coggle Diagram
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK
CHAPTER 2.1
Intermediary Device
Repeaters
Repeaters operate in the Physical layer of the OSI model-no means to interpret the data they retransmit
One input and output port - receiving and repeating a single data stream
Repeater allows you to extend a network inexpensively
Hub
Hub is a repeater with more than one output port
Accepts signals from a transmitting node and repeats those signals to all other connected nodes in a broadcast fashion
Because of their limited features and the fact that they merely repeat signals within a single collision domain, hubs were replaced by routers and switches
Bridges
Bridges are devices that connect two network segments by analysing incoming frames and making decisions about where to direct them based on each frame’s MAC address
They operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model
Switches
Switches are connectivity devices that subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces, or segments
Traditional switches operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model
Modern switches can operate at Layer 3 or even Layer 4
Because they have multiple ports, switches can make better use of limited bandwidth and prove more cost efficient than bridges
Router
Router is a multiport connectivity device that directs data between nodes on a network
Routers can integrate LANs and WANs running at different transmission speeds and using a variety of protocols
Layer 3 (Network Layer) of OSI model
Wireless Access Point (WAP)
Wireless Access Point (WAP) that allows a Wi-Fi compliant device to connect to a wired network
Mobility
WAP is differentiated from a hotspot, which is the physical location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available.
Modem
Stand for Modulation and Demodulation
Convert either digital signal to analog signal (modulation) and analog signal to digital signal (demodulation).
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component, typically a circuit board or chip, which is installed on a computer so that it can connect to a network
NICs are designed for use with either wired or wireless networks
On-Board NICs, via an expansion slot or
peripheral bus
Wireless NICs, which contain antennas to send and receive signals wirelessly
Basics Principles of The Physical Layer Standards
Open Standards
Encourage interoperability, competition, and innovation
Standards organizations are usually vendor-neutral, non-profit organizations established to develop and promote the concept of open standard
Internet Standards
Internet Society (ISOC)
- promotes open development and evolution of Internet use globally
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
- management and development of Internet standards
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
- develops, updates, and maintains Internet and TCP/IP technologies
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
- focused on long-term research related to Internet and TCP/IP protocols
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
- coordinates IP address allocation and management of domain names
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA)
- manages IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN.
Electronics and Communications Standard Organizations
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- dedicated to advancing technological innovation and creating standards in a wide area of industries including networking
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
- standards related to electrical wiring, connectors, and network racks
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
- standards for radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, and satellite communications
International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
- standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications
Cables used in Ethernet Networks
Copper Media
conducts electrical signals very well but it has its limitation
data travels on copper cables as small pulses of electrical voltage cause it easily distorted by outside noise and signal attenuation
cable type with shielding or twisting of the pairs of wires are designed to minimize signal degradation
Copper Media Safety
The separation of data and electrical power cabling must comply with safety codes
Cables must be connected correctly
Installations must be inspected for damage
Equipment must be grounded correctly
STP(Shielded Twisted-Pair)
Coaxial Cable
UTP(Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable)
used in Ethernet LANs
eight wires twisted into four color coded pairs and then wound inside a cable jacket
colored pairs identify the wires for proper connection at the terminals
Fiber Media
Single Mode
Small core
Less dispersion
Suited for long distance applications
Uses lasers as the light source
Commonly used with campus backbones for distances of several thousand meters
Multimode
Larger core than single mode cable
Allows greater dispersion and therefore, loss of signal
Suited for long distance applications, but shorter than single mode
Uses LEDs as the light source
Commonly used with LANs or distances of a couple hundred meters within a campus network
Network Fiber Connectors
Fiber versus Copper
