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STRUCTURE AND BONDING, GAS, sublimation, deposition, condensation,…
STRUCTURE AND BONDING
States of matter
Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but they can flow and change their shape, gases have no fixed shape or volume
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The temperature of a solid stops rising at its melting/boiling point until all of the solid has melted, before it starts to rise again.
At its melting point, enough energy is transferred from the surroundings to the solid for the forces between the particles to break and move from their fixed positions. Once all of the solid has melted, the transfer of energy from the surroundings to the substance causes the temperature to continue to rise
Changes in state in which the substance cools, happens as energy is transferred from the substance to the surroundings
Atoms into ions
In ionic bonding, the ions have the electronic structure of a noble gas. EG. sodium loses an electron and is left with the electronic structure of neon.
However, it's left with an extra proton in its nucleus so it's positively charged
When non-metals react with metals, the non-metal atom gain electrons to achieve the stable structure of a noble gas. EG. chlorine gets the electronic structure of argon
When it gains an extra electron, it becomes negatively charged
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