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socialisation - Coggle Diagram
socialisation
agents of socialisation
peer groups and subcultures :
- friends reward socially acceptable behaviour with popularity
- subcultures (some encourage deviant behaviour)
- Albert Cohen (1955) working class children are likely to form a deviant subculture due to status frustration, relalise they cannot compete against upper class
education :
- 'hidden curriculum' teaches values to children that are useful in society (Bowles and Gintis - 1976)
- example = detention for being late, teaching the value of punctuality
- Bowles and Gintis (1976) education brainwashes children into being good workers
workplace :
formal socialisation
- learning dress code, acceptable behaviors
- punishjable with a formal warning
- good behaviour rewarded with pay rise, promotion
informal socialisation
- similar to peer groups at school
- sucking up to the boss too much = silent treatment
- Waddington (1999) 'canteen culture' and racism in policeforce
Murray (1984) - identified the emergence of an 'underclass' where people lack motivation to work, rely on benefits. Murray argued how this was damaging to capitalism
media :
- social media influencers
- instagram models as role models
- link w/ media topic
- Miliband (1973) = capitalists control the media and put across media messages that benefit themselves
religion :
- religion offers simple moral rules to follow (10 commandments)
- role models ( bible stories and lives of saints)
- christianity influences laws today
- Modood and Berthound (1997) 67% of Pakistanis saw religion as 'very important'
- UK blasphemy laws were banned in 2008
formal social control = social control enforced by the governemnt, behaviour is punishable by law - punishment include fines and imp[risonment
police : agent of formal social control, face direct dealings with members of the public. Can issue negative sanctions (fines, arrests, formal warnings) to enforce correct behaviour
- contemporary example = george floyd
functionalist perspective : police act on behalf of citizens and maintain a safe society - help maintain value concensus
marxist perspective : police serve the interest of the ruling class, more interested in property crime and disproportionately stop and search w/c members
legal system and court = role is to produce fair and equal punishemnts to criminals regardless of their background , one that is proportional to the crime committed
marxist perspective : courts ignore 'white collar crime'
- Sutherland (1949) upper class members get awaty with committing white collar crimes, have resources to hide crime, can paw for a good lawyer
feminist perspective : courts don't focus of female crimes (rape and domestic abuse)
- Heidenson (1985) women face a 'double deviancy'
government and the military : agent of formal social control that stand in place when social order breaks down - crime, riot, war
Althusser (1970) = the state enjoys 'hard power' (Repressive state apparatus) but also needs 'soft power' (Ideological state apparatus) to control population
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nature vs nurture debate
feral children = children who have been isolated from social contact, have not received primary socialisation
genie - isolated from human contact
- struggled to form human attatchments and speak fluently
oxana - raised by dogs
- abandoned by parents and grown up with dogs
- oxana adopted dog-like mannerisms
identical twins separated at birth - received different primary socialisation, dedpite this - they remained very similar (likes, personality, temperment)