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Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control - Coggle…

- - - - Flats
        
        alley ways
        
        overhead walkways
    - - Territory
        
        Natural surveillance
        
        A safe image
        
        A safe neighbourhood
  - - - Alice Coleman
        
        Study- Analysed 4,099 blocks of flats in two London Boroughs, she found that the poor designs of the flats led to a higher rate of crime.
        Coleman discovered the 3 features to encourage crime:
        
        anonymity
        
        lack of surveillance
        
        easy escape
        
        On the Lisson Green estate in West London, the removal of overhead walkways led to a 50% reduction in crime.
      - Secured by Design (SBD)- kitemark scheme used by the building industry indicates that a new building meets crime prevention standards
        Home Office research found a 30% lower burglary rate in SBD houses
      - Example: Gated Lanes
        
        Gated lanes is a tactic to 'design crime out'
        
        They are lockable gates to prevent offenders gaining access to alleyways that are at the rear of peoples houses
        
        They prevent burglaries and fly tipping
        
        Study: Sidebottom et al
        Found gates reduce burglary rates due to:-
        
        They provide a physical barrier
        
        Residents taking responsibility for the closed alley
        
        Gates increase residents sense of territory
        
        Alleys suffer from the 'broken window' theory, but gated lanes allow for the space to be cared for
        
        Gating may reduce the rewards of crime (cannot steal large objects like a TV
        
        However:-
        
        The gates cost £728 per gate
        
        Emergency services are not able to get into the alley
      - Theory:-
        Rational choice theory- CPTED sees offenders acting rationally. For example, if intruders fear they will be challenged by residents, they will be more likely to stay away from the area
      - Criticism:-
        CPTED focuses on defence against outsider offenders, but crimes are committed by residents too (Domestic violence)
- - - - Theory:-
        Labelling Theory- labelling a person as a criminal or deviant can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. An individual would internalise the label as part of their identity and begin to live up to the label.
      - Tony Blair's new government introduced Anti-social behaviour orders in 1998 to deal with low level anti-social behaviour such as vandalism, graffiti, and public drunkenness
        ASBOs were civil orders, not criminal orders, and were used to restrain a person from committing actions that threatened the legal right of another person. However, breaching the conditions of an ASBO was a criminal offence, punishable by up to 5 years in prison.
      - However:-
        ASBOs were not working:
        
        Between 2000 and 2013, ASBOs were issued to just over 24,000 people, but 58% of them breached their ASBOs conditions, and over 10,000 orders were breached repeatedly
    - - Through the Crime and Policing Act 2014, they replaced ASBOs with two new measures:
        
        Civil Junctions
        
        Criminal Behaviour Orders
        
        Injunctions- aimed to deal with low-level nuisance and annoyance. Breaching an injunction can mean up to 2 years in prison for adults and 3 months detention order for those under 18
        
        Criminal Behaviour Orders- deal with seriously anti-social individuals who cause harassment, alarm or distress to others. The order lasted for 2 years for adults and 1-2 years for under 18s. Breaching a CBO can mean up to 5 years in prison for adults or 2 years' detention for under-18s
      - Negative requirements-
        As with ASBOs, a CBO forbids a person from doing something, such as going to certain places, seeing certain people or engaging in certain activities.
      - Positive requirements-
        CBO can require a person to do something positive to improve their behaviour. For example, where someone has committed a drug related offence, the CBO can require them to join a drug treatment programme to address their addiction.