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Tectonic Hazards & vulnerability - Coggle Diagram
Tectonic Hazards & vulnerability
Pyroclastic flow
dense cloud of ash and toxic gas that flows down the steepest side of a volcano. at temperatures of over 400 degrees at speeds of over 100 km/h.
Toxic gasses
carbon dioxide and sulphur can be produced by eruptions and can spread over a large area which can cause respiratory irritation and damage the environment.
Lahar
snow and ice on top of volcanos can melt during an eruption and mixes with ash to create a concrete like mudflow down the slopes of a volcano burring everything in its path. also known as a (Glacial Flood)
Tephra
violent eruptions can throw enormous clouds of ash high up into the atmosphere and this can then fall and settle on the ground, contaminating crops and water sources and if it stays in the atmosphere can cause global dimming
Lava flow
lava flows usually flow at relatively slow speeds but high temperatures of the lava will burn through anything in its path
Tsunamis
Tsunamis are caused by submarine eruptions or movement of oceanic plates which displace water producing large, fast moving waves that make land a flood low lying areas, destroying infrastructure and killing people
Volcano types
Shield volcanos are flatter and less volatile with less violent and smaller magnitude eruptions (the Hawaiian islands), normally forms from the sea floor
Composite volcanos are taller and cone shaped and form over land with higher magnitude and more violent eruptions
Shockwaves
shock waves can come after an earthquake and can cause further damage to buildings and people, the strongest are found at the epicenter of the quake
After shocks
shocks that occur as a secondary effect of an earthquake
comes in the form of P, S, R & L waves
Types of vulnerability
knowledge vulnerability
physical vulnerability
social vulnerability
economic vulnerability
Why some people choose to remain at risk
environmental refugees
economic vulnerability, people may lose jobs if they move away
religious groups may choose not to move as they may believe its an "act of god"
physical vulnerability, some people may not be able to move for various reasons or buildings dont provide much or any protection at all
knowledge vulnerability means that some people may not be educated on dangers or are just not aware of dangers around them
vulnerability mitigation and adaptation strategies
PAR Model: pressure and release model that combines four different factors to determine what should be tackled first in order to reduce risk before a disaster.
Parks Model: graph that illustrates the severity of disruption caused by a disaster and how long it takes for recovery or if the country affected even recovers as they may not totally recover at all
Risk Disc: Covers both disaster mitigation (prevention) and management to set out preparation and response and recovery