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cities - Coggle Diagram
cities
challenges
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land resource
if land area is insufficient, cities expand to rural areas, replacing forests, farmland and hills
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water resource
compromised by competition for land, which limits the construction or expansion of reservoirs
water catchment areas and groundwater affected as more natural vegetation is converted to concrete surfaces
city of cape town in Africa turned off water taps for businesses and homes because water levels in reservoirs dropped to very low levels. causes: high population growth, peoples consumption habits, prolonged drought
air pollution
causes: use of coal to generate electricity, high volume of vehicular traffic, emissions from factories
effect: respiratory infection, heart disease, death, lung cancer
opportunities
employment
businesses thrive in cities because of developed infrastructure, availability of services and opportunities such as education
businesses benefit from concentration of education institutions and can hire directly from a large pool of skilled employees.
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technological innovation
TI is the use of scientific knowledge to create new products or services. includes many skilled people such as researchers, designers and entrepreneurs
e.g. the future cities laboratory. it is a research centre in SG. they work on projects like "cooler calmer SG" to promote sustainability and build designs for buildings and built environment so people can live more comfortably
shading: sheltered bus stops and covered walkways to provide shade and shelter from rain
transport: public transport, cycling and walking to reduce heat production from transport sector
vegetation: greenery on roofs and building facades prevent sunlight from heating up buildings
building facade: light coloured surfaces to reflect sunlight to reduce heat absorption
water bodies and features: pools and ponds to prevent overheating
education
education enables people to learn useful skills and knowledge. people can use these skills and knowledge to gain employment to earn money to buy what they want to improve their well-being.