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Immune system A & P period 1 3/20/2023 Jocelyn Gomez - Coggle…
Immune system
A & P
period 1
3/20/2023
Jocelyn Gomez
Major functions of the Lymphatic and immune systems
Lymphatic system
part of the immune system
function: keeps body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections
lymphatic vessels, tissues, organs and glands work together to drain a watery fluid called lymph from throughout the body
lymphatic system: A one-way network of lymphatic vessels containing a fluid called lymph
components of the lymphatic system are bone marrow, lymph nodes, special and thymus
lymph nodes
lymph nodes =
-act as filters (2nd defense)
-activate immune system (3rd defense)
location =
-cervical nodes (neck)
-axillary nodes (under arm)
-inguinal nodes (pelvic area)
maintains fluid levels in the body
absorbs fats from digestive tract
protects the body from foreign invadors
transports and removes waste products and abnormal cells from the lymph
parts of the lymphatic system
lymph
lymoh nodes
lymphatic vessles
collecting ducts
spleen
thymus
tonsils and adnoid
bone marrow
peyers patches
appemdix
Immune system
immune system: the immune system protects the body from outside invaders
keeps body from outside invaders including germs such as bacteria, viruses and fungi and toxins
immune system is made of different organs, cells and protein that work together
2 parts of the immune system
innate immune system = b=something you are born with
adaptive immune system = this is developed when the body is exposed to microbes or chemicals released by microbes
immune system includes, white blood cells, organs and tissues of the lymph system; thymus, speel, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymph vessels and bone marrow
Location of Lymphatic organs and their Functions
primary lymphatic organs
bone marrow
sponge like tissue located inside of the bones
immune cells grow and multiply
thymus
gland is located behind the breastbone
immune cells (T-cells) mature in the thymus
Primary lymphatic organs
are where lymphocytes are formed and mature. they provide an environment for stem cells to divide and mature into B and T cells
secondary lymphatic organs
spleen
sits in the left upper corner of the abdomen
stores immune cells and platelets and break down red blood cells
tonsils
located in the throat
stop germs from entering the body through the mouth and nose
use white blood cells to fight infection
lymph nodes
bean-shaped glands located throughout the body
mucous membranes
located through the respiratory and digestive system
membranes in the bowel wall, appendix, respiratory and urinary tracts and vagina fight off foreign substance and infections
secondary lymphoid tissues
are arranged as a series of filters monitoring the contents of the extracellular fluids (lymph, tissue fluid and blood)
peyers patch
large masses of confluent lymphoid follicles
found in walls od the ileum, part of the small intestine
purpose and examples of first, second and third line of defense
first line of defense
the innate immune system provides the first line of defense.
divided into two categories - physical / Chemical barriers and nonspecific resistance
Physical barriers, including the skin, mucous membrane and fluids such as tears and urine
chemical barriers, enzymes in sweat, saliva and semen
help eliminate pathogens and prevent tissue and/or blood infections
physically block pathogens from entering the body
kills pathogens on body surfaces
help provide a basic barrier against invading pathogens
second line of defense
pathogens that successfully cross the physical barriers are next encountered by the second line of defense.
involves immune cells and proteins to nonspecifically recognize and eliminate any pathogens that enter the body
group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body
cells involves are white blood cells (leukocytes), seek out and destroy diseases causing organisms or substances.
third line of defense
the third line of defense aims at eliminating specific pathogens that have been encountered by the immune system previously (adaptive or acquired immune response)
adaptive immune response occurs throughout the body
adaptive immune mainly involves two types of white blood cells - B lymphocytes (b cells) and T lymphocytes (t cells)
B-cells
involves in antibody meditated immune Reponses
T-cells
involves in cell-mediated immune responses
Innate (natural) immune defenses and Adaptive (acquired) immune defenses
Innate immune defenses
innate immune system is made of defenses against infection that can be activated immediately once a pathogen attacks.
made of barriers that aim to keep viruses, bacteria, parasites and other foreign particles out of the body or limit their ability to spread and move throughout the body
innate immune system includes
defense mechanisms
such as secretions, mucus, bile, gastric acid, saliva, tears and sweat
general immune responses
such as inflammatory, complement, and nonspecific cellular responses
inflammatory response actively brings immune cells to the site of n infection by increasing blood flow to the area
physical barriers
such as skin, respiratory tract, nasopharynx, cilia, eyelashes, gastrointestinal and other body hair
innate immune system is activated by the presence of antigens and their chemical properties
innate immune system is always general, or nonspecific, meaning anything that identifies as foreign or non-specific is a target for the innate immune response
cells of the innate immune system
phagocytes
macrophages
mast cells
neutrophils
esinophils
basophils
natural killer cells
dendritic cells
the innate immune system works to fight off pathogens before they can start an active infection.
the innate immune system works with the adaptive immune system to reduce the severity of infection, and to fight off any additional invaders
Adaptive immune defenses
adaptive immune system (acquired immunity), uses specific antigens to strategically mount an immune response
adaptive immunity is activated by exposure to pathogens, and uses an immunological memory to learn about the threat and enhance the immune response
adaptive immune response is much slower to respond to threats and infection than the innate immune response.
cells of the adaptive immune system
the adaptive immune system relies on fewer types of cells
-B-cells and T-cells
both B-cells and T-cells are lymphocytes that are derives from specific types of stem cells called multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
after the mature in the bone marrow they need to mature and become activated
each type of cells follows different paths to their final, mature forms
T-cells
B-cells
Humoral response and cellular response
cellular response
the final step of the cell signaling process in which a specific function or process such as cell division is initiated in the cells nucleus or cytoplasm
cells respond to signals from it environments through a process called cell signaling.
the process of cell signaling
1) signal reception
2) signal transduction
3) cellular response
a signal is released by the sending cell in order to make the receiving cell change in a particular way
cellular response can be describing as -the molecular level and the macroscopic level
molecular level
changes such as increase in th transcription of certain genes
activity of particular enzymes
macroscopic level
changes in the outward behavior or appearance of the cell
cell growth or cell death, caused by the molecular changes
many signaling pathways cause a cellular response that involves a change in gene expression
gene expression
process in which information from gene is used by cell to produce a functional product (typically protein)
involves 2 major steps -transcription and translation
humoral response
humoral immunity is also called antibody-meditated immunity
this physiological mechanism protects the body from pathogens and foreign substance in extracellular fluids
is part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems
humoral response occurs in two stages -primary and secondary
Secondary phases
describes the immune-system reaction to subsequent contact and with the same antigen
primary phase
the primary phase is set into motion upon the body's first contact with an antigen
surface protein found in pathogen membranes
humoral immunity is provided by several immune cells types and occurs in soecific stages
involves mainly B-cells and takes place in blood and lymph
what are antibodies and antigens
antibodies
antibodies are proteins that protect you when unwanted substances enters the body
produced by the immune system
antibodies bind to unwanted substances in order to eliminate them from the bodies system
antibody = immunoglobin
antibody is a protein produces by the immune to attack and fight off these antigens
antibodies are produced by b-cells
when an antigen comes in contact with a B-cell, it causes the B-cell to divide and clone
the cloned b-cell (plasma), reals millions of antibodies into your bloodstream and lymph system
antibodies are located throughout the body including skin, lungs, tears, saliva and etc...
monoclonal antibodies
created in a lab
mimic the immune systems natural ability to fight off pathogens
type of immunotherapy
types of antibodies
ig A
found in the saliva, tears, mucosae, breastmilk, intestinal fluid
protects against ingested and inhaled pathogens
igD
found on the surface of the B-cells
supports b-cell maturation and activation
igE
found mainly in the skin, lungs and mucus membranes
causes mast cells (type of white blood cell) to release histamine and other chemicals into the bloodstream
igG
moat common antibody
making 70-75% of all the immunoglobins in the body
found mainly in the blood and tissue fluids
help protect the body from viral and bacterial infections
igM
found in the blood and lymph system
acts as the first line of defense against infections
also play a role in immune regulation
antibodies are proteins
each antibody has 4 polypeptides (peptides that consist of two or ore amino acids)
two heavy chains
two light chains
antigens
antigen is a marker that tells the immune system whether something in the body is harmful or not
antigen testing is done to diagnose viral infections, monitor and screen for certain conditions and determine whether a donor is a good match for a transplant
antigens are found on viruses, bacteria, tumors and normal cells of the body
found on the outside of things such as cells and viruses
usually made of proteins or sugars (polysaccharides)
each has a unique shape that the immune system reads
antigens exist on viruses, bacteria, allergens, parasites, proteins, tumor cells, and normal cells in the body
antigens are markers that tell the body that something is foreign
types of antigens, categorized by where they come from
endogenous antigens
exist on cells inside of the body
include cells that are infected with bacteria or a virus that marks themselves to be destroyed by the immune system,
they tell the immune system that they are either friendly (self) or harmful
red blood cells antigens and special markers that your body recognizes as "self" are also endogenous antigens
autoantigens
marker on cells inside of the immune system
attacks even thought they shouldn't
autoantigens cause autoimmune diseases
tumor antigens
markers on the surface of tumors
also knows as tumor-associated antigens (TAA)
also known as tumor-specific antigens (TSA)
they come from mutations in the tumors genes or from virus inside the tumor cells
exogenous antigens
come from foreign substances
enter the body through the nose, the mouth and/or cuts on the skin
include viruses, bacteria, pollen, parasites and fungii
three types pf antigen-presenting cells in the body
macrophages
dendritic cells
B-cells
antigen test
examine the blood, spit, pee, poop or other bodily fluids for specific markers of a disease
usually used to find viral illnesses such as the flue, COVID- 19 etc.. or to monitor cancer treatment
can also help screen organ donors and recipients
blood types -A,B, AB, and O
these letter represent antigens on the surface of red blood cells
you can be born with A or B antigens
blood type indicates the presence or absence of other antigens
antigen, substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response specifically activating lymphocytes
two main divisions of antigens
foreign antigens (heterantigens )
originate from outside of the body
include parts of or substances produced by viruses or microorganisms (bacteria)
autoantigens (self antigens)
originate within the body
artifical vs. Naturally acquired immunity
naturally acquired immunity
refers to the natural exposure to an infectious agent or other antigen by the body
the body responds by making its own antibodies.
two examples of passive naturally acquired immunity
placental transfer of igG from mother to fetus during pregnancy, generally last 4 to 6 months after birth
igA and igB found in human colostrum and milk of babies who are nursed
aren't specifically given to you to boost your immunity
something you acquire by natural means EX: infections
artificial acquired immunity
artificially acquired active immunity
refers to any immunization with an antigen
during artificially acquired active immunity one is immunized with one or more of the following
attenuated microbes
killed organisms
fragmented microorganims
antigens produced recombinant DNA technology
toxoids
refers to injection of antibody-containing serum or immune globin, from another person/animal
acquired immunity is immunity you develop over your lifetime
can form from
vaccine
exposure to an infection or diease
another person's antibodies (infection-fighting immune cells)
acquired immunity is diffrent than innate immunity
immunity may be passive or active
active immunity
antigens enter the body and the body responds by making its own antibodies and B-memory cells
immunity you develop after being exposed to an infection or from getting a vaccine
natural
antibodies made after exposure to an infection
artificial
antibodies made after getting a vaccination
most common type
develops in response to an infection or vaccination
these expose the immune system to a type of germ or pathogen
passive immunity
antibodies made in another person/animal enter the body and the immunity is short lived
immunity you acquire from someone or something else
natural
antibodies transmitted from other to baby
artificial
antibodies acquired from an immune serum medicine
two main tyoes of passive immunity
maternal antibodies
antibodies that transfer from a mother to a child
immunoglobulin treatment
antibodies that are usually used to treat people at risk for infections
these antibodies are made in a lab or come from other people/animals
both passive and active immunity can be either naturally or artificially acquired
immunity is longer lived although duration depends on the persistence of the antigen and the memory cells in the body
passive and active immunity
passive immunity
process in which individuals recive antibodies from another source rather than producing those antibodies on their own
provided short term protection against infection
passive immunity can develop naturally
passive immunity works quickly, providing protection within hours/days
develops after you receive antibodies from someone else or somewhere else
natural
antibodies received from mother
artificial
antibodies received from a medicine, injection or infusion
any contributions not made by the body are considered passive immunity
less common
immediately prepared to fight specific, dangerous illnesses and diseases
active immunity
more common in the body compared to passive immunity
individual immune systems build up active immunity instinctively as we are exposed to new bacteria and strand pathogens
happens in response to breathing new air, eating new food ,and touching new things
active immunity is constantly working to neutralize foreign agents
examples of active immunity are numberless because the body is exposed to and reacts to new pathogens everyday
last longer than passive immunity a
active immunity creates certain cells that have long memory and when they recognize a dangerous pathogen, their memory is triggered
does not protect you against mutations of dieases that your body already has antibodies to
disorders associated with the immune system
chicken pox
highly contagious diseas cuased bt the vaciella zoster virus (VZU)
symptoms; fever, tirdness, loss of appetide, itchy-ffuid filled blisters
treatment; self care, ointments/cremes, besd rest, fluids
causes/risk factors; direct contact with infected person, airbone droplets, dangerous for pregnant woman and kids
pinworm infection
itching around the anus, can cause uncomforted and difficulty sleeping
symptoms; itching around anus, loss of appetite, restlessness, uncomforted
causes/risk factors; airbone droplets, unsanitary conditions, transmitted through clothing, bedding etc..
treatment; medication, anitbiotics, wound care
tetanus
bacteria enters body, produce toxins that cause painful muscle contractions
symptoms; headache, jaw cramping, fever/chills, muscle stiffness
treatment; medication, antibiotics, woumd care
causes/risk factors; infection caused by bacteria, contamiinated wounds, burnes or sores
malaria
parasites that fed off of humans
symtoms; fever, kidney faliure, coma, eizures, death
treatment options; medication
causes /risk factors; blood transfusion with infected person, insects (mosquitos), regions (Africa),
pertussi (whopping cough)
highly contagious respiratory tact infection that is easily preventable by vaccine
causes/risk factors; contagious, bacterial pneumria, death
tratment options; antibiodtics, fluids, bed rest, medication
symptms; cough, body fatigue, fever, nasal congestion
Rubella
contagious diease caused by the RUV viruse
causes/riskfactors; direct contact with infected person, airbone droplets
symptoms; headache, fever, cough, runny nose
treatment options; medication, bed rest, fluids
tuberculosis (TB)
bacterial infection which spreads from person-to-person through respiratory droplets
treatment options; ,edication, treatments
symtoms; weight, pain in chest, coughing of blood, bad cough
causes/risk factors; substance abuse, transplant, kidney diease, weak immune system
cells involves in the immune system and their functions
phagocytes
absorbs and surround pathogens and break them down, effectively eating them
neutrophils
know as granulocytes and provide an early resposne to infammation
kill pathogens but also dies as a result
macrophages
clean up after response
remove pathogens, dead neutrophils and other debris
dentrictic cells
activate immune response and help engulf microbes and other invaders
monocytes
differentiate into dendritic cells and macrophages.
mast cells
trigger an immune response when they detect an antigen.
lymphocytes
help the body rember previous invaders and recognize them is they return to attack again