Lymphatic/Immune System
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Antigens and antibodies
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Passive vs. Active immunity
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Humoral response and cellular response
Innate system uses the first and/or second lines of defense to stop attacks by pathogens
Adaptive immune system is a specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in body
First Line : Surface barriers are skin and mucous membranes, along with their secretions
Second Line: Phagocytes, Natural Killers, Inflammatory response,Antimicrobial proteins, fever
It is specific, systemic, and it has memory
When B cell encounters target antigen, it provokes humoral immune response, Antibodies specific for that particular antigen are then produced
Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Passive humoral immunity occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
Active
Passive
Naturally acquired: formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired: formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Naturally acquired: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artificially acquired: injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens this is considered cellular response
Antigens: substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response,targets of all adaptive immune responses and can be a complete antigen or hapten (incomplete),contain antigentic determinants and can be a self-antigen.
Antibodies: also called Immunoglobulins (Igs); are proteins secreted by plasma cells,are capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells and Overall T- or Y-shaped antibody monomer consists of four looping polypeptide
chains linked by disulfide bonds, Two identical heavy (H) chains and Two identical light (L) chains.
The first line of defense consists of skin, mucous membranes,and secretions of skin skin and membranes. The first line of defence includes physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection.
Ex: Surface barriers breached by nicks or cuts trigger the internal second line of defense that
protects deeper tissues
The second line of defence are phagocytic leukocytes, antimicrobial protiens, inflammatory response, and fever. This is the immune system.The second line supports management to help ensure risk and controls are effectively managed
Ex:Many second-line cells have pattern recognition receptors that recognize and bind tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm
. The third line of defense consists of lymphocytes, antibodies, and memory cells. The third line defense aims at eliminating specific pathogens that have been encountered by the immune system previously. Instead of being restricted to the site of infection, the adaptive immune response occurs throughout the body.
Phagocytes: white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious materia
Macrophages: develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell
Natural Killer Cells: large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph they attack cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors and they do this by inducing apoptosis.
B lymphocytes (B cells): humoral immunity they are a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies. They develop from bone marrow
T lymphocytes (T cells):cellular immunity, they help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs):Do not respond to specific antigens,play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
Helper T (TH) cells:Play central role in adaptive immune response and activate both humoral and cellular arms
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells:Directly attack and kill other cells, Activated TC cells circulate in blood and lymph and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize
Regulatory T (TReg) cells:Important in preventing autoimmune reactions
Dendritic cells: capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes; also help activate T cells
Reticular cells: produce reticular fibers called stroma in lymphoid organs
Pinworm Infection
Mengingitis
Hepatitis B
Tetanus
Toxoplasmosis
Hand, Foot, and mouth disease
small round worm called enterobius verneulatis that live in the large intestine,
liver infection by HBI virus / pathogen
caused by micropatasite called protozon
inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
bacterial infection that cause painful muscle contraction in a persons neck and jaw making it hard to swallow or open
An illness thats from a variety of viruses affecting hands, feet and mouths
Polio
Measles
Small Pox
Cholera
Pertussis
Rubella
Varicella (chicken pox)
viral infection causing and itchy rash on skin
respiratory illness caused by a bacteria
a contagious disease caused by a virus
An accute illness caused ny am infection of the intestine
serious infection caused by variola virus
airborne viral disease evolved from minder pest
infectious disease caused by virus that can spread from person to person
HIB
TB
Malaria
A disease caused by a parsite transmitted from infected mosquitos
Potentially serious infectious bacterial dieseas taht affects lungs
bacterial illnes that can lead to a patentially deadly brain infection
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Lymph Node
Spleen
Tonsils
Peyers Patches
cleanses the lymph and is a site for activation and proliferation
cleanses blood and removes aged and defective re blood cells
prevents pathogens from penetrating mucous membrane
site of t cell maturation
keep intestinal flora at appropriate levels and prevents infections
act as major tissue and produces all formed elements of blood
protecting your body from illness-causing invaders
maintaining body fluid levels,
absorbing digestive tract fats
removing cellular waste
Structures of the lymphatic system function is to produce, develop, house and distribute leukocytes.
Lymphoid Organs
Support lymphocyte production, storage,distribution and filter blood and lymph of debris, abnormal cells, and pathogens
Lymphoid Tissues
Lymphatic Vessels
Support lymphocyte production, storage, and distribution
Return excess fluid from tissues to the bloodstream, distribute lymphocytes and other leukocytes throughout the body and transport lipid products of digestion to the bloodstream